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^Sciences 
Loiporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  SfREET 

WiSBSTER.NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


:% 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


n 


wmmmmm 


Ttchnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


The  In8titu:a  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


m 
n 

D 

D 

n 
0 


D 


n 


Colournd  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^a 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
CouvBiture  restaurAe  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plaies  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  qua  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cele  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  fiimdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Cornmentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'll  lul  a  AtA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  raprndulte,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m«thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

I      I    Pages  damaged/ 


0^ 


Pages  endommagdcs 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul^es 


r^;:;K Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxea/ 
I — I    Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  dutach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transpaience 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materia 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seiile  Edition  disponible 


r/7]  Showthrough/ 

pn  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


□    Pages  wholly  or  partially  v-ibscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  bes^  possible  <mage/ 
Las  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscuicies  par  un  feui'let  d  errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  dtd  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


y 


24X 


2bX 


32X 


The  copv  filmed  here  has  been  reprodMced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of  ; 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quajlty 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  wii:h  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  pagd  with  *i  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  bre  filmed  beginning  or  the 
first  page  with  a  pribited  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  b  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — «» {meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratiob.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  In  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  cornur,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frnmes  ar 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  giice  *  la 
g*n«roslt«  de: 

La  bibllotliAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  sulvantes  ont  At*  reproduites  avec  le 
p  us  grand  s.iin,  compte  tenu  de  h  condition  et 
de  la  nettet«  da  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  cont»«t  de 
filmege. 

Les  exemplalres  origlnaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmis  ei^  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  teirirlnant  scit  par  la 
derhlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration,  solt  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cs*    Toue  las  autre^  examplaires 
origlnaux  sont  finriAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premliire  page  qui  comporto  ime  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration  ot  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  Image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUiVRE  ".  le 
symbols  y  signifie  '  F!N  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
fllm*s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff«rents. 
Lorsque  lo  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  11  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'angia  sup*rieur  gauch-j,  de  gauche  *  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcussa're.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  m*thode. 


1 

2 

3 

T  2  3 

4  5  6 


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eoitosries. 


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in-  THf>MAM  DOWHB.  ESQ,. 


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TMi 
it    hat  p< 

Oovmimr 
VnUtl  St 
th*  in/orti 

Ixxm-imi 


ianlti 

TtrrI 

Unel 


Onruiuu< 

Awinebo 

minioii 

■orC» 

Exeei 

O^tflO 

Keewatin,  a 
Uinu^ala— 

%;»«!« 

Srn—Or 

Iron— 

Oree/i 

otter 


RKVISKI)    KDITION. 


ANITOBA 


AND  THE 


JJV  TlloMAH  DoWHK,  EbQ.,  OF  8t.  PaIIL,  MiNNrtHoTA,  U.  8. 

TtUt  artiit  originally  app*a\  d  eomii<«(«  in  th*  oolumnt  <f  tht  Oai(iAOc<  ComtaBUIAL  Auvbiitiiiick,  al  iUQVti  90lh,  ItTT,  •(««!<  uikirh  timi 
it  >l<i<i  tnuttdff'rough  nint  tdltUmi,  th*y  having  htmi  ii»u«it  on  lUftrmtt  ortUrt  /or  th»  DomiMott  Oov*mtiunt  of  CamuUt,  Iks  l^tninaiml 
(lirtirrtimimt  ojma'*i'"^i:  th*  Hly  O nvi nun- nl  of  Winniiiry  and  ntvtral  mUiioHM  lor  Ihiprineipal  C<mad4on  antl  SiirthuinUrti  raUuiay4  •']  <lM 
Vnttd  Ma'**  Inn  I*  iiiuitig  thi*  itfitit  I  llh  ttUlinn,  miidmniied  to  dot*,  both  in  matttr  an4  tncrmttliai,  th*  writer  iln«*  it  with  th*  with  thai 
th*  informant  ""^  truth/ul  fiutt,  ^<ri»H  givf.:  muy  guid*  many  Ihoutavil*  mor»  to  havyy  hnmti  and  aid  lh*m  in  utt<iinttui  that  grmndmt  mrOly 
boon    ifuUpfM"' "'/-""^''''MP*  "*  '^^  gritt,l>*auti/ut,/trtil*andmigifl-^t!Ut  N»wNorlhiwmt,—Atimo»,Ut  I'liul,  A|>rll  I,  lf*7V, 


ianitoli  and  liit  Northwest 

Ttrrltiry,  tilt  Only  Section 

Unetir  the  BrItUh  Flag 

Oilring  Free  Prairie 

Hmes  and  Earldems 

A  Her  Stthjeets. 

M»M»i  When  Properlj  Enlarged,  a 

Marfne  FroTlnr(>,  b;  lliidNnnii  Bay 

th/lAUiAaN  Loulwlana,  In  tlift  IJnl* 

M  HlatcH,  In  bj  tho  ( Juirof  Mes- 

-Fractleal  F«ctitT*iereoa 

W«iUi7  of  Aneitiou. 


0«^  *hm^   mw  Vareiag  BMicraliaa 
•  -I<Bb«r-HaTiii|  ITlBChliitiry,  Ei«w 
!••  •€    lalercal,   ITIaaafactaraat 
h*lttaMl«    Denlera,   Ac,  Tli«a« 
Caaaea  Applicable  la  Batb  tka 
Vaited  •la(es,  Orral  Brilaia 
•■4    Barape  Ocaarallf. 


BEU.HDBTEWEST--GAN1DA 


I  Htotorioal  Itsma-Iariy  MUtory  mt  «•• 

Nutfaan  Bay  Oe.,  Nnrthwaat  0»; 

RMMrf  a   Laml,  Sllklrk'a 

•atMaRtanf,  Bta. 


OrfaalnUoB  of  the  Prorlace— ConncU  af 
AMinebola,  Dominion  Senators,  Do- 
minion HonMof  Commnna,  <ilOTer* 
nor  Caaehon,  Loca'  LeglRlatare^ 
Exeentlre  Conucii,  Etc.,  Ete. 


0|¥I0  OROAHIZATION. 


KeewaU^,  a  Region  of  Lakes,  Foreata  and 

Min^ala— The  Northwest  Territory— A 

im*»n  of  Perfection— The  Lana  of 

itggniftetnt  PmirieaandOreatRiv- 

mn— Great  Coal  tHtlda—Gold  and 

Xron— Indian    Titiea—CliiAatie 

Oreenlandic  Current— Ola- 

eiercal  Deluge— Japaneat 

8tream,  Etc.,  Ete. 


ftangglmn  Perm  of  Oovarnmant— formation— 
T^^a  of  Offloo— Manitoba,  Ha  Taposraphy, 
I,   Lakas  and    Mountalna— Oawaen 
-Wood  and    Watar   auppty-aail, 
loduetlone,Mlxad  Farming— Baerat  el 
J  ji^ucoaeaful  Huabandry— Slock  Rata- 
'     lac,  Hailvo  Oattia  and    HorMa— 
^         araal    Human    Kaperlmaal 


•altlomaat-Tke  MaaBoaltM-Tlia  lMlaa4«n-' 

Th*  Urast  RaMrTM-UalfBrMdf-PopaU- 

tloa--NaTlgatioi-TclrKniph-R«d 

Ultor  Ymt,  Bto. 


OMADUN  PACIFIC  RAILWAY. 

Department  Ollleea  of  the  Dominion  (}ot< 

ernmi^nt  -R* jcItit  (Jenfnil,  SnTlnira 

Bank,  Aadi< ,  rjiitoniii,  i^tnd  UIHoe, 

Pott  Offlee,  Baiineia,  SUIT,  Ete. 


FooliihBMi  of  th«  In^liih  Ttnank  rainm 

Paying  Thru  to  Bight  Poandi  ($15  to  $40) 

P«r  Aort  Annjtl  L»nd  R«ot.  wlt«n  Pres 

Farmi,  two  Milti  Anand,  art  Madt 

a  Pnt  Gift  to  Aetaal  Stttltn 

in  Oanadiaa  N^rtliwMi 


ECCLESIASTIC  AID  EDUCATIOSAL 


Oatholie  and  Prottitant—St.  Bonifae*,  81.  Johm't 

OfW  Manitoba  Colltg'i-VniwriUy  of  Man- 

t  oba—Oatho'.ie  Church  of  England,  Prtt- 

byttrian  and  M*lhoditt  Chureh**— 

Tlnir  Work  ami  Mittion. «(«. 


CITY  OF  WINNIPECf. 

Her  Mercantile  DeTPlopment, 

city  aor«rBiaeBt~Pablic  BalldiBM—fltArM,  Bat 

Idearc*,  Rt«— I'he  Ureat  Trade  CcaUr— Tha  Fo- 

eal  Polat  ofThla  Ureal  Naetlon— The  Com- 

lag  C'hlraRO  of  the  Northweit— ifataa 

•r  Har  IIaaBnieti.r«ra,  Baila*** 

■aa.  Etc.,  KU—NaUral 

Cjaelaaloai. 


[To  which  is  added  the  Bpxkoh  or  His 
ExoKiiiiKMOT,    I<:;iU>    Duffbrin,    Latq 

OOTBBMOB  OBNEBAI,  OF    CANADA,  given 

at  Wtnnipegr,  Manitoba,  Sept,  29th,  1877.] 
Trusting  that  a  better  knowledge 
of  our  neighboring  government,  which 
eztendB  entirely  across  the  contlnrnt  to 
the  north  of  us  and  which  occupies  an 
area  larger  than  our  own,  will  beget  a 
better  understanding,  a  better  acquain- 
tance, a  better  frlendekip  and  a  fuller 
sympathy  in  the  hearts  of  the  Adteb- 
TiBBB's  many  thousand  readers  in  the 
Btates— especially  as  they  are  heart  and 
hand  with  us  in  extending  civilization 
and  good  Oovernment — I  make  bold  to 
quote  a  portion  of  an  article  entitled 
"The  first  Decade  of  the  Dominion," 
published  in  the  Manitoba  Free  Preaa 
of  July  7th. 

On  the  History  of  Canada  ati  a  Whole. 

"Cannda  wm  first  disrovered  tu  14«7  by  Seb^is- 
Ian  Cahot ;  but  ilie  fir>t  Sfttlemcnt  niacin  by 
Eiiropfans  was  In  IWS,  .it  Port  Ko>;il,  Aoadia 
(now  AniiapoUt,  Nova  Scofa).  In  1808  a  pernia- 
n-nt  sellliMiir'nt  was  niiwle  by  CliauipUlu  upon 
ilif  piC'X'nt  sitfl  of  Quebec.  Canada  tlinn  being 
called  new  Kianot* ;  and  tJie  imid&o!  loliinlznllon 
AHs  seinl-reiitili'US.  Betwern  1614  and  1~IZ 
AcMlia  was  several  times  takes  by  tlia  nritisb 


and  i^aln  reatnn'd  t«  Kranee,  but  In  iha  iMt 
niinird  year  It  Hnally  becanin  a  britbh  uoaaei- 
slon,  toKntlntr  »lth   Nnwroundlaiid.      Tfie  Oitt 


I.«Kl-<laliiM'  uf  Nova  Ncotia  niMi  In  I7RM.  in  tho 
fiilldwInK  .v*t»r  the  lllu.sliloii!)  W(i!/h  o  ptiirad 
tjiiHlMK',  and  lh«  country  wa<t  thru  (or  a  ouartar 
01  acnnlury  Kovrrupd  by  nilllmry  rul. .  In  17T4 
a  LcKlllailvu  4  oiuu'll,  ciinnlntliiK  of  Iwanljr- 
tlirtte  ineinbern,  wan  anpolntnil  u>  acmit  tlin  (lor- 
ernor.  vfiertlir  rnvoUofthn  Anioilunn  culonlet 
now  III  inK  thti  IJnltfril  Htaim,  an  army  of  reb- 
uls  Inv  .Mlllle  country,  lint  rccnivrd  h  clm^k  at 
Quebec,  where  Moutuoinfry  fell  ni  ITVS  In  ITM 
tliR  prerent  llinllsof  New  HruiuiHlck  went  dltld- 
ed  fiom  tijost-  of  Nova  Hcotia  an<l  orrclrd  into  a 
ifpiuatM  I'rovliice  by  a  special  confliiiutioital 
charier,  the  adinlnlntratluu  oi  which  was  coo- 
fldfd  to  Ouveinor  <  ■rinlon.  In  1701  Qut  bwo  wat 
divided  Into  two  riovlncrs. nni)  art'iirrHintallTe 

?;ii  crnnient  IntiiKliH'i-d,  an  event  whlih.  Iliougb 
ar  lioni  nathlyliiK  the  Kiench  I  aiiadlitii  party, 
wax  iiereithcleNi  a  ^tep  In  (hat  dlr^cilmi.  Th* 
llrHt  Lefdalature  of  lA>wer  (  anada  met  In  ITtI, 
thatof  Upper  Canada  In  iron.  Ik.  181'.^  Kn^land 
had  another  »«i  mIDi  the  liulted  but«»,  but  at 
Ita  alone  Canada  >tlll  remained  In  oloie  aunexa- 
tlon  with  tbo  Mother  Country. 

We  now  C'linn  to  the  Int^-rmediate  period  of 
Canada')  history.  In  IXfi  a  project  for  ivuuiiloc 
I'pprr  a<id  l..ower  Canada  wan  stalled.  At- 
!  iiipta  were  inude  lo  render  the  ao vtii>  rs  of  tbe 
(><ivernors  responslh:!'  to  the  popular  branch  of 
the  legislature,  aial  the  Ketvvrm  party  HKtlated 
untiringly  to  ailaln  tbdrend.  In  ittitr  ihe  ex- 
clteineut  produced  by  the  strugiil*'  ciilndnatad 
Inouen  vIolenccaiidsevoralenKagenienis  entued 
between  the  In.  urgen's  and  the  loyallais.  Three 
years  later  tran.iuillly  was  restoreo,  the  two 
Canadas  behiK  united  In  IMU,  tiy  an  Imperial 
Aci,  under  uiie  aiiinlnlstrathm,  reapunslble  gov- 
ernment bring  dednltely  eslHbll-ned  In  1841. 
Ilieiu  were  then  a  l.eglsiallre  Conncil,  to  whtck 
the  elective  principle  was  applied,  a  l^eglslatlve 
Awtembly  composed  of  130  meniboa.  being  Ml 
from  each  section  of  the  Province,  a  Cabioet 
resiioosible  to  the  l.oglslature,  and  atlovemor- 
Uen  ral  appointed  by  the  Queen.  1  he  flrst  nul- 
led Parliament  met  at  Klminton  In  June,  1841, 
but  111  1844  tlie  Oovernment  leinoveo  to  Montreal. 
In  1840,  however,  the  Parliament  buildings  there 
were  drstroyed  by  a  mob  and  the  seal  of  gov- 
ernmeDi  was  ao^irdlngly  rrmo>ed  lo  Toronto. 
Then  was  made  the  arrangement  under  whlcb 
the  sessions  of  Pariisment  were  to  be  held  for 
four  years  alternately  in  Toronio  and  Quebec 
tills  systeai  being  ;ound  veiy  Inconvenient, 
Parlianient  resolv.  d  on  a  pernianoiit  xile;  but, 
being  unable  lo  agree  as  to  its  location,  the  seleo- 
Uoii  waa  I'ft  to  tne  v.|uten,  and  her  MaJecty  la 
1858  fixed  upon  Ottawa,  furmeily  known  aa  By- 
town. 

About  this  time  party  govrrmnejit  became 
well  nlgb  i:npo,HSlble.  In  the  wiccetwlve  elec- 
tions which  had  l)een  held  during  ihe  preceding 
years,  the  hostile  majority  (rum  other  Provinces 
ID  Parliament  had  increased  rattier  thui  dimln- 
Ulied.  In  lliti4  the  feeling  (  f  antagonisni  came 
to  a  crisis,  but  the  outcome  of  this  situation  was 
the  downing  of  an  aiiogether  brigiiter  eia.  Aa  a 
reiutrdy  for  the  exisiiUK  didlcuities  the  Keform 
lea<#ers  made  overturee  vu  Hir  John  Mac  Donald, 
Kugg^-eilng  tiie  adoption  of  a  f>-deiHti%e  system, 
Tlie&e  overtures  weie  cordially  received,  and  a 
Coalition  (ioveinment  was  formed,  pledged  to 
the  intioduciian  ol  such  a  scheme,  iiy  a  fortu- 
uste  coln('id;-nce,  within  a  month  sfttriheTor- 
mation  of  this  Ministry,  a  conference  was  be- 
ing arranged  at  (  barlotteiown  lo  diaci>ss  the  ex- 
pediency uf  a  union  ol  the  Provinces  of  Nova 
Bcolii.,  New  Itninswlck,  aud  Priiice  Edward  Isl- 
and under  a  single  government  4i<d  leKlslaure. 
The  Canadlau  tiovcinnieni  asked  peiin^sii  n  to 
send  delegalts.  Their  reque.t  was  giai  ted,  and 
tbey  duly  met  the  Mai  itiine  delegates.  Tlie  con- 
ference fiad  met  lo  discuss  a  leKislallve  union— a 
question  vkith  wIiIl^  liie  Canadian  neiegatt-s  had 
no  authority  to  deal.  The  proiH)»!>l  lo  unite  the 
Maiilli.ie  IVovincea  wao  looked  op,Mi  hs  imprac- 
ticable ;  but  the  delegates  were  unaniinous  y  ot 
opinion  that  a  union  on  a  larger  basts  inlgbt  be 
tffecied.  On  the  proposition  ol  the  Canadian 
delegates  a  funherc  unlcrence  «as  iui>ed  on  to 
consider  the  possibility  of  accoinplishlii,!  a  led- 
eial  union.  It  met  at  Quebec  on  the  appointed 
d.iy,  and  alter  a  9^sslon  of  eighiten  days  Ihe 
aolieme  of  Confederation  was  plrtced  befo/e  the 
public.  Af.or  Htlme  l«,  was  duly  aoc-pt.  d  suc- 
cessively by  the  leuislatures  ol  NovIa  Hcutia, 
A«w(oundland  and  Prince  Edward  Island.    Del- 


ViEW  OF  WINNIPEO,  MANITOBA,  BPRINO  OF  1871.    8m  Pagt  26. 


•gUM  W(tn  nrxt  Mi.t  to  RnRland,  thn  Union 
Aot  WM  niibmlttml  to  tbn  liniHirlal  Varll»nient. 
pMRml  that  ho<ly  on  'hn  Wtli  of  Mnrnh,  IHA7,  ami 
on  tlin  IT't'l  iif  Mnv  llt-r  Mitjeitty'f.  prooliuimlUin 
wiM  Iwiiitid  that  tliii  iHimlnlon  o;  Canada  8hould 
oonid  Into  uxlntonre  on  tlin  Int  of  July,  IMn.  By 
thi)  (i>rniN  of  tliu  Act.  old  (Canada  was  dl»ldn<l 
Into  tlm  two  Provinces  of  Ontario  and  Quobtto 
for  lh«  i""T<"<'i' of  local  l<^t«llltlon  in  ISTOthU 
(iovt^riinixnt  of  tt  n  Diiinlnlon  nan  «xt<«ndrd  ovpr 
thft  NorUiw*""!  TiTrltortfs,  out  of  which  the 
Provlnc<*nt  Manltolm  WKA  <*rect«d  :  InlHTl,  orrr 
HHtlRh  Columbia  :  and  In  IH7H  ovur  I'rlnOQ  Kd- 
ward  Island.  Nxwfoiiiidl.'ind  still  choosen  to  re- 
main out  In  Iho  cold  for  the  prmunt.  but  tbo  tpii 
denny  of  HTents  Is  d«cli.,Mlly  In  favor  of  lier 
ibortly  oomlnu  Into  the  confmlcracv,  for  the 
Tcxnd  ((uention  of  thn  treaty  rlKhts  of  th«  Kntnch 
In  respect  of  the  HshTles  and  several  otter  rea- 
«ons  point  to  thn  coi,iuniinaMuu  u(  tbla  poller  at 
no  distant  date." 

As  ezprcjalag   much  more  tersely 
aad  clearly  than  I  rau,  tbe 

OBSAT  XXTBNT 

of  the  terrltorv  or  this  government  to 
the  north  of  tho  Uni*')d  States,  I  take 
the  following  from  Mr.  Oraut'a  valu- 
able work,  "Ocean  to  Ocean :"  Travel  a 
thousand  miles  up  a  great  river;  more 
than  another  thousand  alt'ii;  great 
lakes  and  a  sucjession  of  srr  aller  lakes; 
a  thousand  miles  across  rolllufcnrairies, 
and  another  thousand  through  woods 
and  over  mountains,  and  you  havp 
traveled  from  ocean  to  ocean  through 
Canada.  And  this  country'  is  a  single 
colony  of  the  British  Empire;  and  this 
colony  la  to  day  dreaming  magniflcent 
dreams  of  a  future  when  it  shall  be  the 
"Greater  Britain,"  and  the  highway, 
across  which  the  fabrics  and  products 
of  Asia  shall  be  carried  to  the  eaitern 
as  well  as  the  western  side  of  tb#  At- 
lantic " 

THE  HISTOBIOAL  PART 

of  these  middle  two  thousand  miles 
commenced  with  the  orgaiiization  of 
the  Hudscn  Bay  Co.,  In  1670,  during  the 
reign  of  Charles  XI.,  to  trafllj  on  the 
shores  of  Hudson's  Bay  and  the  streams 
flowing  therein,  in  asection  then  called 
Rupert's  Land,  In  honor  of  Prince  Ku- 
pert,  a  brother,  I  think,  of  the  king. 

THEIR  CHARTER, 

as  was  tbe  custom  of  those  days,  was 
exclu&ive,  really  giving  them  tnta  ter- 
ritory in  vaoaaiage  to  the  Crown,  with 
rights  to  make  Taws  and  carry  on  a 
form  of  government,  of  cour.w  to  be 
approved  by  the  Crown,  and  the  con- 
trol of  any  trade  therein— a»  least  they 
have  claimed  this,  and  so  acted,  which 
fcction  has  at  least  been  tacitly  admit- 


te<i  by  the  Imperial  Government.  For 
nearly  one  hundreii  and  flfty  veara 
they  oont1ne<l  themselvee  to  the  shores 
of  that  bay,  not  pushing  their  trading 
ptats  into  the  interior,  or  at  least  not 
into  the  Red  or  H&skatchewau  vullfys, 
oi  what  is  now  known  as  the 

NORTHWiDST    TERRITORY  AND  RRITIEH 
COLUMBIA. 

Varennea  de  la  Veraudrye,  with  an 
expedition  fitted  out  by  himself  in 
Lower  Canada,  in  1784,  came  up  the 
Ht.  Lawrence  and  the  lakes  to  Thunder 
Bay,  on  the  north  shore  of  I^ake  Hupe- 
rlor,  and  from  there  by  the  rivers  ami 
lakes  of  what  is  now  known  as  the 
"Dawson  Route,"  to  tied  river.  He 
landed  liore,  and  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  AHHlnneboin,  built  a  fort  at  the 
pointof  its  Juncture  with  the  l{e<i  River 
nearly  opposite  the  present  Fort  Garry, 
which  is  ou  tbe  north  k>ank  of  the 
Aasinneholn.  lie  called  this  post  Fort 
la  Eougo,  and  it  was  doubtless  the 
name  of  this  Red  Fort  on  its  binks, 
that  In  early  days  gave  the  name  of 
Red  River  to  a  stream  whos^  waters 
and  clay  subsoil  of  its  banks  are  most 
decidedly  whitish.  (For  further  ex- 
plorations of  De  la  Veraudrye,  see 
notes  on  8t.  Biniface,  hereafter). 

Following  these  flrst  white  men  in 
this  valley,  came  others,  until,  as 
early  as  1762,  Fort  La  Rouge  was 
known  as  an  established  trading  post, 
frequented  by  the  Coureura  da  bota 
from  the  French  establish  mert  at 
Mackinac,  Lake  Michigan,  who  cime 
here  to  trade  with  the  Omahas  and 
Assinneboins.  Although  by  the  Ver- 
sailles treaty,  In  1763,  the  French  were 
obliged  to  give  up  their  North  Ameri- 
can possessions  to  England,  they  still, 
with  others  then  British  subjects  in 
Montreal  continued  in  increasing  num- 
bers, their  trade  in  this  section,  coming 
by  their  old  original  route,  via  Thunder 
Bay,  and  also  via  Iia  Polnte,  on  "^f?) •in- 
line Island,  near  Bayfield,  soul 
of  Lake  Bjperior,  and  up  past  wli  i  is 
now  Duluth,  to  the  head  of  St.  Luu  s 
Bay  at  Fond  du  Lac,  and  so  across 
jolmug  the  Thunder  Bay  route  on 
Rainy  River.  These  adventurers,  how- 
evt  r- 'jelonging  to  iudlvldual  enterprl 
ses— pushing  their  trade  north,  came 
in  contact  with  the  employes  of  the 
Hudson  Bav  Company. 

This  condition  of  aflfkirs  continued,  I 
the    French  cr    Canadians,    still  in 


creasing  their  tnule  for  some  irenty 
years,  when  these,  until  then,  lillviu- 
uul  trader.4,  -n  the  principal  of  thm,  in 
17ai,  formed  a  p  >werf\il  oombii4ion, 
called 

rum    KORTHWBST  OOMPAin 

Tbis  was  not  a  chartered  but  a  pr«te 
c  irporatlon.  They  inoreasetl  >ry 
largely  tlieir  previous  area  of  trader- 
tending  even  through  to  the  Pao^. 
Their  trailing  l)oats  loaded  with  go4g 
or  furs  traverE<Hl  the  continent  i 
every  direction  thi.  'igh  the  connect 
rivers  and  lakes  fh)m  Montreal  to  Pi 
get's  HoUMd  on  the  Pacific. 

Home  Idea  of  tlie  extent  to  which  tbt 
Northwest  Company  have  pushed 
their  trude  may  be  seen  in  the  (act  that 
in  lR4fi  they  had  some  sixty  trading 
posts  in  this  region,  ptlnclually  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Red  Saskatchonan. 
Athabasca,  etc.  This  condition  of 
tr^de  and  occupancy  of  this  aectloii. 
continued  undisputed,  at  least  so  far  as 
the  Red  River  was  concerned  until 
1811  when,  at  the  solicitation  of  Lord 
Uilklrk,  one  of  the  stockholders  of  thn 
Hudson  Bay  Company,  that  company 
laid  claim  to  the  exclusive  Jurisdiction, 
under  their  charter,  over  this  immense 
region  and  in  1812  they  established 
their  first  Fort  and  Trading  post  on 
Red  River  near  tbis  place.  Coming 
thus  Into  so  close  daily  competition  tJie 
siate  of  affairs  went  from  bad  to  worse, 
resulting  in  great  injury  t(j  both  com- 
panies, and  finally  bloodshed.  In  one 
of  their  aflVdys  the  commanding  ofB- 
eer  of  the  H.  B.  Company  was  kllltxl. 
The  result  of  this  regular  battle  brought 
both  companies  to  their  senses,  and 
soon  after  in  1821  these  two  competi- 
tors formed  a  coalUIon  continuing  un- 
der the  chartered  name  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company.  The  company  so  con- 
solidated, ccntiniied  In  untiiftputed  pos- 
seHslon  until  1866  when  they  sold  tnelr 
right  to  their  exc!  usive  trade  and  Juris- 
diction claimed  under  their  old  charter 
over  this  entirei  portion  of  British 
America  and  British  Columbia,  receiv- 
ing some  $1,500,000  cadh.and  one-twen- 
tieth of  the  land  with  espec  al  reserva- 
tures  about  some  of  their  posts,  fully 
50,(X)0  acres. 

8o  this  great  Northwestern  arcs, 
hitherto  known  as  Rupen's  Land  or 
Hudson  Bay  Territory  has  really  been 
open  to  settlement,    ocrupanoy   and 


Rome  irenty 
then,  lHlvld- 
«l  of  than,  In 
oombtmon, 

OMPANA 

Jiut  a  pr«te 
xeaMHl  M 
*  of  trHde^i. 
I  the  Pao^. 
k1  with  grng 
continent  ) 
he  conneob 
^ntreal  to  P\ 

to  which  tin 
iBve  pushed 
I  the  feet  that 
ilxty  trading 
'ii)ally  lu  the 
iHKatchonan. 
condition  of 
til  is  section, 
east  8o  far  as 
[%med  until 
tlon  of  Lord 
loUlenof  tliR 
lat  company 
juriwliction, 
his  immenfle 
y  establishetl 
3lnf<  jKMt  on 
e.  Coming 
ipetltiou  tlie 
)a(l  to  worse, 
U)  both  coin- 
iied.  In  one 
nandlng  offl- 

was  killcxi. 
.ttie  brought 
Henses,  and 
vo  competi- 
itinuing  un- 
the  Hudson 
)any  so  con- 
Isputed  po8- 
iy  sold  tneir 
fe  and  Juris- 
■  old  charter 

of  British 
abia,  recelv. 
d  one-twen- 
c  al  reeerva- 

I>osts,  fully 

stern  area, 
I'a  Land  or 
I  really  been 
ipancy    and 


EA8T  SIDE  MAIN  STREET.  LOOKING  NOKTi:     Hl'UINO 


8te  Page  26. 


WEST  SIDE  MAIN  STREET  LOOKING  NORTH.    gPRING  1879.    See  Page  26. 


f general  trade  onlv  since  1871,  as  I  be 
ieve  the  t^rnas  of  relintiaishmeut  were 
not  fully  complete  and  made  praciical 
until  that  time. 

THE   8ILKIRK   SETTT.BMENT. 

In  1805.  Lord  Cilkirk,  a  visionary  but 
k'nd  hearte<l  Scotchman  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  11.  B.  Company,  penetrated 
in  his  wanderings  from  the  company's 
forts  on  Hudson  Bay,  8C  far  as  the 
valley  of  )  he  Retl  River.  lie  was  so 
charmeil  with  the  country  that  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  starting  colonies 
here.  In  1811  be  mcceeded  In  obtain- 
ing a  grant  uf  Uiud  for  that  purpose, 
from  the  H.  H,  Company  along  this 
river,  a  d  in  the  Autumn  of  1812  he 
reached    here   via    Hudson  Bay  and 


Lake  Winnipeg  with  a  small  party  of 
Highland  Scotchmen.  They  at  once 
commenced  building,  but  were  stopped 
by  the  H.  B.  Company's  competitors, 
the  Northw^t  Comjany,  were  driven 
away  and  obliged  to  spend  the  winter 
in  tents  at  Pembina,  some  70  miles 
south.  The  following  spring  they  re- 
turned and  after  putting  in  a  crop, 
which  was  maturing  tlneiy,  in  Septem- 
ber Wire  again  diiven  to  Pembina, 
where  they  remaiutd  the  second  win- 
ter, returning  again  the  next  spting. 
By  September  1814  they  numbereu 
some  two  liuudred.  They  built  hou  es 
and  called  their  settlement  Kildonan, 
after  their  old  Parish,  in  Scotl.ind.  In 
the  spring  of  1816.  trouble  again  came 
upon  them.     Their  storehouses  Wire 


bvuken  open  and  robbed;  their  Gover- 
nor arrested  and  sent  to  Montreal;  dis- 
satlRfaction  became  so  general,  that  un- 
der the  guidance  of  friendly  Indians, 
they  started  in  June  of  that  year  for 
Lake  Winnipeg,  intetdirg  t j  ret'irn  in 
Scotland;  but  meeting  omcers  of  the 
H.  B.  Company,  t.  ey  were  Induced  to 
return  the  following  sprinsr,  under  the 
I  special  care  of  timtcompany.  In  1816 
Lord  Silkirk  accompanied  by  more 
emiKrauta  r<  ached  the  setllemrnt  and 
by  lilp  presence  and  prompt  action  In 
arresting  some  of  the  aggressive  North- 
west Company's  leaders  and  sending 
them  to  Montreal,  r<  stored  the  colony 
to  pFaoe.  The  next  year  he  returned  to 
Scotland,  but  the  crors  of  that  year 
were  insufficient  and  they  were  obliged 


w 


ta  hant  BaflMo  i<>  tr>'i  ihrough  Uia 
wtnUr.  lo  IHtN  «ti<l  IHhi  tlmtr  on)|ai 
1*«r«  ba«lly  cUiii>KiMi  hy  griMMhappcni 
(Ui«lr  flnii  vUlUtton  h«n>)  kimI  In  th« 
Wtntar  <>r  'Hltt  »ihI  IH-i(),  •  iMurtjr  wm 
ohJiKtHi  l<)  K<>  •»>  Kiiow  iitKMt*  Ui  tb«iM*r- 
•at  Mttlt'inaiit,  •rriiaa  Mliiiioaote  tii 
Pralrlw  iln  CliUii  on  ll'«i  Mlaalailpnl 
rlvnr  nearly  Ui  lt>«  iiorUi  llnaof  Illlmiia 
*  ftill  Ihonaantl  inllMi,  fi>r  unmiB  U>  pJMtl 
tliA  I'oiiiliiK  aprlng.  Tliny  oblKlnad 
thrro  MM'liltiKw  Uuit  IoimIm,  »n<l  on  th« 
IMh  ot  Ajirll,  IH'M.  aUrtad  l)<>iu«tw»rla 
up  the  MIiuiImiI|i|iI  rtvar  to  Ilia  naouth 
Of  tti«t  Miiin<HH)tK  rivitr,  Jimt  bIk)v« 
Wham  Ht.  I'aul  now  la,  up  that  rivar  to 
Big  Htona  I<»k«>.  thtin  MiroM*  a  •mall 
pnrt*KM  to  Ii«k(<  'rrnv«n<>,  tha  aourm  of 
tlii<  KmI  Ulv«tr  aii<l  down  thitt  atrtftm, 
raa4!hlng  Peiubln*  on  tha  M  of  Juati. 
Tbia  WM  lh«  iMM^nlDg  of  tha 

(X>MMItH')a  WITH  THMITATM. 

In  tha  fnilowing  y««r,  1831,  th«  two 
great  tintllng  Com |i«nl««  ■nialK)tmat«><l 
aud  peace  at  last  came  to  tlio««*  liitrdy 
plooMn.  I '  annot  l«aru  that  Ihrfr 
Dumbara  ware  much  hutrraafd  >iv  any 
•ufaaaquent  <>tnlRrntloQ.  A  r«w  Hwlaa 
wat(;hmak<<r«  came  out  In  IHUI,  liut  by 
I82A  th«y  had  moxtly  litfl  for  varioua 
puliitH  along  the  MImhIkmIpiiI  Vallwy,  In 
the  Ktatet).    Hume  o|>en<Ml  frirnm  on  the 

Brcaent  alte  of  Ht.  Paul  and  alao  at  Fort 
nellInK,  (ainw  butit  at  the  Junotureof 
the  Mhineaota  with  the  MlHHlaAJnpl 
river)  then  an  unbroken  wlUi,  other 
•atilemrnt  not  (M>mlnR  lu  there  at  all 
until  Bome  'M  or  '2/>  yean  after.  The 
aattlemeut  alougthe  Ked  Itiver  iiioreaa- 
•d  alowly,  bv  natural  gro'-vth,  by  dla- 
oharged  and  retiring  PDinUiyea  ok'tbe 
two  coDHolldated  (>ompanl«ie,  the  com- 
ing In  of  a  few  einlgranlH  from  the 
Htatea  and  the  aettllug  alH>ul  them  of 
ibe  half  breeda. 

In  1891  'hiv.  Uamaay,  who  than  vla- 
Ited  th«  iiettlement.  found  them  bo 
abundantly  Humilied  wl'i  all  the  nro 
ducta  of  tht  Ir  laburft,  for  which  tney 
had  but  a  very  limited  market,  that  he 
laported  them  on  hia  return  to  Ht.  Paul 
to  ba  "  metaphorically  b>  lolherln^  In 
Uielr  own  fat."  Ho  time  poaaed  un- 
til the  formation  of  the  Canmlian  Do- 
minion In  1H(;7.  and  Ibe  meaHureti  to  ex- 
tiugumh  the  H.  U.  (Jomjmnv'a  uxolu- 
•Ive  adminlHtrative  and  trauing  privi- 
legee  in  18(18,  began  to  turn  attention 
to  this  aeotlon.  tiui  It  was  not  until- 
1871  or  1872,  that  emigration  )>ogan  to 
oomehere  to  any  extent. 

But  lo  reaume  the  hiatorioal,  I  would 
any,  that  up  to  the  extingulubnient  o( 
the  H.  B.  Company'a  tltl«,  liupert'a 
Laud  was  not  a  part  of  Canada,  but  be- 
longed to  the  Imperial  or  Eufllah 
Crown,  under  the  H.  U.  Compaujl  It 
waa  Hirquired  by  Canbda  in  \870, 
by  the  arrungementa  btfore 
•poReo  of;  through  an  ngreeoMnt 
with  the  H.  B.  Company  releiAig 
*aelr  proprietary  rlRht«abd  by  Itn>o- 
/ial  Leglalatlon  in  180H  uuthorieinglma 
■ame.  By  the  termx  previously  named 
the  bargain  between  Canada  andUbe 
(1.  B.  Company  with  the  Imperial 
Governmeut,  Canada  made  the  cash 
payment  and  the  Imperial  Qovern- 
uent  the  neceegary  legislation  toseoure 
the  H.  B.  Company's  title  to  the  lands 
as  agreed,  bv  the  approval  of  the 
Crown.    At  tne  time  and  previoua  to 


this  tvansfer,  there  bad  heea  a  kind  of 
/oocU  government  iu  existence,  organ- 
ized over  a  smaller  portion  of  Kuport's 
Land  than  what  Is  now  known  as 
Manitoba,  which  was  known  as  the 

COUNCIL  OF  ABHINEBOIA. 

In  1869  the  Uoverniut'ut  uf  Casada 
tent  Hon.  William  MoDougall  oat  to 


Bovtim  Ibis  onunlry.  aaaUtad  to  « 
i  (Viunnll,  l>ut  aoma  or  tha  (taopt*  oijaot- 
i  Ing,  <iov.  McDougall  n«v«r  diil^rrd  tha 

l*nivln«'a  tiut  retun    d     Hul)a«<|u*iiU7 

In  tha  (^anailan  l'i>  lainont  of  INTO,  a 
i  portion  of  Uui'ort'H  i«nii  waa  araotial 
I  Into  Mia  Provliii't*  of  Maiilti>l>a,  with  a 

Rapraawiitatlva  form  of  (<ov«rnmant. 

riiat  year  Hon.  Adam  (laorya  AmhI- 
,  ImIiI  waa  ariit  out  aa  lil«*iit.  (lovcrnor 
,  of  thn  I'rtivlni^  of  Manitoba  and  the 
I  Nortbwtiat  TerrUorlea,  l>rlng  luaiiatad 
;  In  the  govxriiineiit  of  the  latter  Tarrt- 
;  torlea  by  an  iwptiolai  advlaiiry  Council, 

iiotnlnatfd  fbr  Uiat  apiolal  purpoaa  by 
;  the  t|u««u. 

TUa  DOMUtlOM  S^NATOMI 

!  an  tha  Hon.  Maro  Amabia  (Jlrarvl,  a 
i  lawyer,  a  native  of  tha  Provlnoa  of 
I  tiuehau-tMiru  In  IH-i2,t«mehere  In  1870, 
'  baa  held  and  very  ao<'eptably 
flllMl  many  of  the  Provincial 
I  and  Territorial  ofnoea,  a  ge.itle- 
i  n.An  of  very  genial  nature,  and 
I  due  tieraonal  preaeniie-  and  Hon.  John 
Moutheriaud.  Mr.  Hoiitbarland  ta 
I  a  native  of  Manitoba.  Like  bis  col- 
j  league  h«  haa  held  aeveral  provincial 
;  offlcea,  and  having  Iweii  Identlllatl  with 
I  Manltotta  f^>m  the  tint,  hia  aelbot- 
lon  Meems  moat  wise.  Both  were 
i  appolnttMl  In  1871; 

I  The  niemtiers  for  Manitoba  In  tha 
:  Dominion  Hou«e  of  Commona,  are  the 
Hoiiorables  John  (.'.  HohultK,  Do.iahl 
A.  Hmlth,  Joii«iph  Dubuo  and  Joaeph 
Ilyan.  The  two  flrat  were  electeil 
at  the  flrat  general  eleiition  iu  the 
Pni'-'noe  In  1871,  and  have  Imtb  been 
twict  reelected.  Mr.  Kyan  haaluat 
been  reelected  and  Mr.  Dubiiu,  late 
apeaker  of  the  Provincial  Parltment, 
la  serving  bla  tlrat  term.  Mentally 
they  arH  a  Htrong  delegation,  a  unit  In 
advocating  the  Intererts  of  Manitoba 
and  the  North  west,  aud  though  they 
are  email  In  nunibera  lu  comparison 
with  the  large  delegatioiis  In  that  iMidy 
fmax  some  of  the  other  Provinces,  they 
are  untiring  workers,  and  Maiiltoba'a 
Influence  in  the  House,  is  not  by  any 
menus  in  proportion  to  the  number  of 
her  repreeenlatlvea.  They  are  men 
not  uiil^  'Miuiliur  with  the  capacities 
and  wants  of  this  section,  but  fully 
comprehend  its  vast  opportunities  and 
wouderlul  future. 

THK   LOCAL    LEQISLATUBK 

originally  conslfted  of  two  branches. 
The  lieglslatlve  Assembly  ^elective) 
of  twenty- four  memljers,  and  tne  I^gia 
lative  Council  (nominative)  of  seven 
members.  In  1876  the  latter  oouucii 
was  abolished.  In  1872  Gov.  Arr.hi- 
bddd  retired  and  wassuooeeded  by  Hon. 
Alexander  Morris  (under  whose  ad- 
ministration the  Province  became 
thoroughly  pacified  and  most  of  the 
present  seven  Indian  treaties  were 
made,  by  which  the  Indtun  title  to 
Manitoba  and  most  of  the  Northwest 
territory  waa  peaoefuly  and  satisfact- 
oraly  extinguished  and  the  Piovince 
entered  upon  Its  new  life  and  develop- 
ment) who  was  in  December  1877,  his 
full  term  having  expired,  succeeded  by 

HON.   LIBUT.    COL.     TOSEPn    EDOVABD 
OAUCMON, 

who  waa  born  in  the  city  of  Quebec  In 
lel6.  A  descendant  of  one  of  the  old- 
est families  uf  that  Province,  for  many 
years  he  was  an  editor  of  marked 
ability  and  author  of  several  standard 
works.  He  has  been  in  continuous 
public  life  for  nearly  thirty  years  and 
waa  Dominion  Minister  of  Internal 
Bevenue  and  Piesident  of  tLe  Queens 
Privy  Council  fur  the  Domimou  of 


'  tiiiait  ,\i  tha  ttna  oibia  ap|Hiluta«n( 
Ills  pitaant 

■xBiniTiva  TooMcit 
was  foftnad  In  Januay,  iH7tt.  ft  oon- 
ilata  of  Ion.  .lohn  N*i|iia*,  Pr«,mlar 
■nd  ProMnolal  traaaurr,  lion.  Jim*>vh 
K'lval.  M>nl*t«rori>iibh  Works  '  Hon 
C.  I'.  Ilffcwn,  I'rovlnui  saoratary' 
Hon.  DM  Walker.  Atkrna.  oenaraf 
and  Hon.  I'lerra  Deloruk,  Mlulat^r  of 
AgrlcRltura. 

HON.    MM.    noiuuy, 
the  Premier  and  Provloovl  treaaurer 
Is     a     tattva     -if     **^-    - 
was    MlioAUd    at 
Itga,     wkara     ha 
alilp,  haa 
etni 


p,  baa  baan  a  mamtiartr 
tiva  oiiuDoll,  with 


tb«    Province, 
Ht.    ohns     (Nil- 
took         s<!holar- 
Iha  ex 
»'"♦  •lortlnUr 


mlaalon,  aluoa  Ita  formatioi  |j,  m-ji 
having  alao  held  the  |Mialtlo<,f  mam- 
lier  of  tha  Uianl  of  health  an  Uiard  of 
education,  alan  mliilat«r  of  pc ,»  works 
and  Uiard  of  agriculture.  {«  |g  i^ 
quiet,  de<-ld«d  man  of  a  Rurally 
atMug,  active  mind,  wlilch  la  i«r  kept 
untier  (Mint'ol  and  (Utded  wltlr)«rfe«t 
<M)olne>8.  His  reoeiil  «l"vallo!ty  ihe 
Preuilership  Is  a  inoal  gradui  ac- 
knowledgement on  the  partof  ei)«|y 
c<iinern  Ui  the  Province  of  th^nteg- 
riiy,  eneigy  anil  iibillty  of  oueNf  tha 
old  reotdeuts,  to  the  mautr  bori 

HON.  MR.  KOYAL, 

Minister    of  Public  Works,  wai|>|'(v 
vlnclal  .Sairetarv  and  Attorney Vn- 
erat  in  the  lute  DhvIs  minlstiy.  \fr. 
Itoyal     is     from     the     Provtuoeof 
Queliei!,  waa  calletl  to  the  bar  of  I^^, 
Canada  In  1804,  and  of  Manltohaln  i]. 
Am  a  lav/yer  be  haa  lieeii  eiigagedyi,' 
I  itdvocate  in  many  notable  and  Tni|.. 
I  tant  caaea.     His  univerttlty,  and  pare 
I  iilarly  his  legal  e<lucalioii,  wereobtat 
I  «d  under  uiiuaually  favorable  opport 
I  nlties.    He  was  a  prominent  writer  f< 
I  many  years  on  the   French  (^anadia 
ncwHoaper  and  iteriodhal  preia,    am 
has  niictl  HU  editorial  chair  almoat  un- 
interruptediv  since  18^7,  which  haa  so 
<|ulckene<l    ills   perceptive    faculties— 
naturally  great— that  lie  is  enabled  to 
obtain  aiul  retain,  that  \,'.»c»  of  hlgb 
(Wteem  among  liisaaH4M!late^anrt  penple 
ot  the  I'rovlnce,  which  Is  always  ac- 
(M)r<'ed  educate<l  liitelle<!t.  when  guid((l 
and  Influenceil  by  tliat  broa.l neas  and 
compreheiislveiieHH  that  enable  its  pofc- 
sessor  to  overcome    life's    natuial.  as 
well  UM  active  obstacles  and  vexations, 
bringing  out  of  the   contest  a  mind, 
"with    malice     towards    note,    with 
charity  for  all." 

HON.  HK.  RROWN, 

the  Provinoial  secretary,  descended 
from  an  U.  B.  Loyalists  famllv  whl6h 
settled  In  New  Brunswick  at  ihe  cloae 
o'  the  Uevoluticuary  War.  He  came 
to  this  Piovince  about  seven  ur  eight 
vears  ago,  and  wai  member  of  the 
Provinoial  LegislatlvH  Assembly  for 
the  past  four  years.  Perhsps  no  per- 
son is  more  familiar  with  the  real 
wants  of  this  country  than  Mr.  Brown, 
whose  duties  befoie  he  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  a  Dominion  Land  Surveyor 
(<ave  him  superior  advantages  in  gain- 
ing a  perfect  knowledge  of  a  country 
In  whose  development  he  Is  now  cal- 
led to  take  so  active  a  part.  Before 
entering  the  ministry,  although  but  a 
young  man,  he  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral important  measures,  prominent 
among  lliem  being  a  re-division  of  the 
Province  ir'o  counties  and  based 
thereon  a  general  municipal  law,  to 
the  carrying  out  of  which,  in  bis  new 
sphere  be  is  applying  himself  most 
energetically.  Mr.  Brown's  sunding, 
popularity  and  enterprise  are  fully  re- 
oognixed,  he  being  the  only  miuialer 


I— 


/I 


I  «i>iMiiutaMit( 

"«7»  It  Ma- 
'»•/.  P«-«iaUr 
,  iiun.  JoMph 
Worki;  I|„„. 
•J  Morotarf 
»»•»  (i«n«ral 
S  Miuiat.r  of 

«Uy,     • 

io\J  trmuurer, 

•    I'roTlnoo, 

ohni     (3ol- 

f        ■olioUr- 

'  *  tort  inUr- 

»'"•'•>    ••7>. 
■illo.,f  in.ai 

•'•M"M>«rUof 

'>f  Pi  .0  wurka 

'"•••     !•    !•  • 

'  »    kturmlly 

t'h  •■  ««r  kept 

■>  wlt«|)«rfw!t 

^vmlofto  the 

of  ou^  t;j« 
10  r  bori 

Ah, 

Vttorneyi,n- 
ilnlttiy.  ^r. 

B  >Mkr  of  Ia„ 
inll<)l)«lu>| 
III  eiimMiv,' 
»Ie«nd  Tmiv. 
Ity,  and  pari. 
a,  wereobUu 
ralilu  opport 
i«iit  wril«r  ft 
iioh  (.'Hiiadia 
al  preiJi,    aii< 
air  nlnxiHt  un 
.  which  haN  h<> 
ve    faoultieit 
111  euablMl  to 
p!«ce  of  liigh 

.tniHIIil  pitniiln 

iff  always  a<- 

,  wheu  ^jiuldf  il 

)roa.liieiMau(i 

liable  iU  pm- 

I    natuial.  a» 

ml  vexalloiiM, 

ttwt  a  mlud, 

Hon*,    wlUi 


VN, 

y,  deaoend«(l 
amllv  whit')! 
k  at  the  oloao 
r.  He  came 
ven  or  eight 
(mb«r  of  the 
isaembly  for 
laps  no  per- 
rith  the  real 
a  Mr.  Brown, 
tered  Parlla- 
nd  Surveyor 
agea  in  gain- 
}fa  country 
la  now  cal- 
lart.  Before 
liough  but  a 
tbor  of  sev- 
1,  prominent 
vision  of  the 
and  baaed 
ipal  law,  to 
,  In  bis  ;iew 
niMlf  most 
I's  standing, 
are  fully  re- 
nly  minister 


WKUT  HIDK  MAIN  UTHBBT  LOOKINQ  HOIJTH.     HPIllNU:i«».    Sm  j>ai/« 'i*i. 


i.\r.i    -.IDK  MAIN  STREET  LOOKINO  SOUTH.     FALI.  1876. 


of  his  party  who  was  eleoted  by  Aoola- 
matlon  at  the  recent  general  election. 

HON.    UR.    WALKER, 

the  Attorney  General.  Is  a  native  of 
Ontario,  came  to  Manitoba  with  the 
first  H^d  Uiversxpfldition  in  1870,  un- 
der the  ooinmand  of  Sir  Garnet  Wool- 
Hfly,  an  fjteutenant  in  ^ht9  flrst  Ontario 
KiHoH.  was  called  to  the  bar  of  Ontario 
in  18et  and  to  the  bar  of  Manitoba  in 
lH7t.  He  was  appointed  Crown  Coun- 
sel for  Manitoba  in  1875  and  conducted 
the  Oowu  business  in  the  Courts  of 
the  Province  from  that  time  until  his 
acceptance  of  office  in  the  present 
government.  That  tlrst  expedition, 
seldom  heard  of  because  it  was  for- 
tunately bloodless,  made  one  of  the 
hardest  marches  In  modem  times,  in 
overcoming  all  the  wild  obtaoles  cf 
swamps,  lakes,  rivers  and  forests  in 


the  410  miles  between  Thnnder  Bay, 
Lake  Superior  and    Winnlneg.     The 

firomlnent  positions  in  which  one  flnds 
ts  former  members  all  over  the  Pro- 
vince, and  especially  in  Winnipeg, 
shows  that  they  have  within  them  the 
stulT  tha*  heroes  are  made  of.  The  ap- 
pointment of  Mr.  Walker  to  one  of  the 
highest  provincial  positions,  not  only 
Is  an  additional  proof  of  this,  but  must 
be  very  pleasing  to  his  old  time  com- 
rades. 

HON.    MR.  DELORUB, 

Minister  of  Agriculture,  is  a  native  of 
Manitoba,  a  gentleman  welt  known 
throughout  the  Province,  and  the 
largest  native  farmer  in  the  Bed  River 
Vall>y.  His  fine  farm  and  7oomy 
hospitable  home  16  miles  south  of 
Winnipeg,  are  ample  proof  that  this 
important  government  portfolio  Is  in 


the  hands  of  no  theorist,  bnt  rather' 
one  whose  whole  life  and  works  show 
that  he  fully  understands  and  appre^ 
dates  this  great  industry  which  un- 
derlies the  prosperity  of  this  Prov- 
ince, efppclally,  when  taken  in  con- 
nection with  this  fact ;  that  the  minis- 
try ta  in  harmony  with  the  present 
Dominion  G:>vf  rnment. 

TIIK  SPEAKER 

of  the  present  Provincial  Parliament, 
J.  W.  Slftoi,  Eaq.,  having  been  con- 
nected with  the  C'^nstruction  of  I  he 
(Canadian  Paciflc  liailway  from  the 
bfglnning  of  work  thereon,  be>ng  the 
first  iiontiaotor  to  break  ground  both 
on  the  Thunder  Bay  (I^Hke  Superior) 
and  Ked  iliver  ends,  will  fortunatelv 
tM  of  great  advantage  to  the  presenc 
Provincial  Government,  by  Hiding 
them  in  judicious  legislation ;  by  means 


liil 


•f  bta  xrMk  prft«u<ml   »np<tti»t»m  !■ 

wtMly  ■aldtiiR  ll^a  future  tmin^ 
polioy  <  rtiid  I'Kivi.tM  ti(Miii  wMia  M 
muflh  dupmxla. 

oivko  oROAirizAnoir. 

|>.iniwU»l«ly  u|M>ii    Dim    Ditlngulali 
Bi«iii  i>r  tlio  11    II.  ('<>in|)«iiy'iiiltl#,  lh« 
CMUMlUti  KiivariiRioiit,  U)  •itiMii  a  <«ivl| 
OMIMlaaUoii  Atr  Uwt  ymtt  of  llila  im- 
BiiH—  anta  of  aama    l,^**l,i*1H  aqiMrr 
mliaa    lying    wnat     fhitn    tha   UmhuI 
mry    of     ih«     I'kivIik'*    of    (>iiurl<> 
ftnd  KoUiK    waat   aloiuc    the    iiorthnti 
tiouuDarv  lltiaol  tha  "ulttMl  Htalmi  i' 
HritlaliColiiiiiltla.  In  l«ii«ltu<lf>  l,Wwaai 
of   Uraauwicli,   tliama    north    tu    tha 
Artilh-  Oii)«ats  liaa   for  tha  |Hir|ioaa  <>r 
orKaiilxliiK  a  Dominion  covfrtnuaiital 
auparvlaiuii,  baaii  (ll*l<lr<rinto 

TIIHRM    HKI-AHTMKNT.l. 

Tba  olilaat  aixt  ■inallnal  of  ihaaa  U  tha 
rruvluua  of  Maiilt.ilMi,  tha  moraat  fhu^ 
tlun  of  ti.tn  Kraat  «(«<«  on*y  •  :,ata  14,- 
"Ml)  Miuari'  intiaa  ImlnK  atM>ut  130 
mllaa  «a»t  and  WKat,  Ity  U*i  ntlla*  tturth 
and  aoutli.  Than  owoia*  tha  illttrlot 
of 

KSEWATnr, 

whliih  aitauila  from  tha  waatarn  Innui* 
dariaa  of  Ontario,  aUiva  mantloiia4<  UD 
U)tha«aatarn  iMuindary  of  MannMiS 
hikI  along  to  lh«>  north  of  It  to  thaooa 
bundrtHlth  parallal  of  longUuda  (wast 
of  (iriH'nwIoh)  and  north  t«i  tha  Arolio. 
Tlila  region  waa  mada  a  dlatrlct  In  '76, 
wltti  tha  |kr«««<nt  (,ovai  niir  of  Manitoba 
M  ax-o(nolo  governor.  Aa  vat  It  baa 
n<i  Itxratml  iwat  of  ifovarnnitut,  (mt  Ita 
■<>v«ri.nif*iital  bniil  .<wm  la  tranwu'tad  ai 
Wtuoipag-    Thia  m  a  ragion  of 

IRAKIS,  rOMHTS  AHU  MIMBRAIA 

wiui  kiut  llttia  prairie  or  tahio  landa. 
All  tha  rmt  of  thIa  grtiiit  aaotlun  lying  | 
waat  of  Kt<Hwatln  and  Manitoba,  aua  \ 
azt<<n<llng  wtwi  to  tha  eaatarn  lM>un<l«ry  i 
of  Urltlah  Columbia,  ia  embraocd  In  j 
tba  I 

K0RTHWE8T  TEEBITOBY, 

In  which  A  government  waa  orgaolaad 
in  IBIU.  with  Hon.  Divid  fialrd  M 
Lieut.  Oovernor.  He,  with  hia  ooua- 
ell,  realde  at  tha  new  aaat  of  gov- 
•rninnnt  at  Itattlefont,  whitih  ifi  Alarm- 
ingly lcH;4t«>d  at  the  Junction  of  BAttla 
River  Willi  the  north  branch  of  the 
8aakatch«waa.  Hera  autne  twauty 
government  huildlnga  are  erwetcd 
betilduM,  of  (tourae,  many  huildlnga  be- 
longhiK  to  private  Indtviduab,  atcM'ee, 
dwelliugH,  «to.  Branohea  uf  the  dlflbr- 
eut  idiurcii  mlaaionary  eat«bltshm«nta 
will  be  eatablinhed  tLere.  Ffirt  ('alley 
la  the  headquartem  of  ttie  teriitollaJ 
mounted  police,  a  very  ttflolent  aeml- 
military  ori^anlzatlou,  that  are  ,  ata- 
tioned  at  ditierent  paata  along  the 
national  houndarv  and  through  tlie 
variouH  Indlun  trlliet)  along  the  fror.tler. 
The  country  embraced  iu  this  territory 
may  be  truthfully  called  the 

KBOION  OF   PKIIF-KOTIOW. 

Ifllth  a  pure  atmosphere,  a  genial, 
healthful  climate  of  pRrty  ftprlngttiiiefl 
and  soft,  hazy  butumns;  with  dry  and 
■teady  winters  and  light  huow  falla ; 
with  8tream«  and  spriaget  of  Hsfi  puk-^tt 
water ;  with  no  malaria,  lieoauae  there 
la  nothing  to  deveiope  it.  The  rarth, 
aky,  water  and  altitii.de  are  all  conser 
vatory  of  Itealth,  iuHuriug  newcomfra, 
(h)m  distant  luiida  even,  a^iut  the 
acclimating  niciiaesa  attendant  upon 
their  coming  Into  mor^  Hfjuthera  and 
lecB  perfectly  Hituated  sej^tions,  while 
heie  in  tbia  health-giving  Alr—siunmer 


I'O.ST  OFKICE  AND  DOMINION  OOVKItNMKNT  .SA 


UA,H, 


or  winter-  tbrlr  atreogtb  auntlnuea  and 
tnipmvea,  from  th«lr  arrival. 
Thia  great  territory  ia  alio 

TlIX  I.ANn  or    MAUNIKUr.NT  PRAIRin 

aod  grrat  rivorR,  with  Hne  navigation 
fnim  the  «Muil«*rn  alnioat  to  the  mrther 
waatern  and  northw^Htern  t)oundarlea, 
b)  the  Haakatci.twan  w»il<'h  wltli  the 
i  IVftce,  /.thaliAM'aand  Mrl<eti8l«,  wbime 
i  navli<ikb!a  watent,  running  through  tl<e 
I  n.>rtiiw«wt  and  center  to  tho  weatern 
(  ArcMc,  fuinlah  ready  routeaof  trani>|H>r- 
tatlon.  Two  MlrHniem  are  now  running 
on  the  HaakaU'hewan  and  another  oiu 
la  on  the  way  for  thw  Athatiawa.  Theae 
boata  of  <M>urie  are  but  tt.e  ploi:<>«rM,  the 
half-awakening  dreaniH,  i  rucwiing  a 
aonn  ooniinK,  actual  fleet  ttiat  will  tra- 
verao  th«»o  rivera.  With  the  already 
flniahe<l  telegraph  line  aoroaa  it,  and 
ottlcially  located  and  mM)u  to  !»  built 
railway,  civilization- alreatly  there  In 
a  meaaure— will  B<K)n  enter  more  large- 
ly, being  already  eupplled  with  every 
mo<iern  nieana  of  oommanlcatlou  and 
tranait  into  thla 

ORBAT  NATOBAL OAMDBN, 

with  great  forest  tracta  along  ita  eaat- 
eru;  weetarn  and  northern  borders  and 
another  great  b.  dy  tnrough  ulmoat  Ita 
centre,  between  the  Bankat"  liewan  and 
At'iabaaoa;  while  a  liberal  growth  of 
timber  tkirta  the  tcorea  of  leaaer 
Rtreama,  with  valleya  of  i  ronortlonate 
and  even  greater  beauty  and  fertility. 
There  are 

OBBAT  COAL  FIELDS 

alau  lu  this  Territory.  Explorations 
have  shown  that  north  of  the  5()th  par- 
allel thfre  are  fully  50(J,0<)0  Bouare 
miles  underlaid  by  true  coal,  while  on 
the  north  and  south  branches  of  the 
Sa«katcht  wan,  Battle  River,  Red,  Deer 
and  other  streams  in  ita  middle  and 
southern  part,  are  extensive  Jepoeita 
of  coal  lu  strata  of  from  two  and  a  half 
to  twelve  feet  thick. 

GOLD   AND  IKON, 

and  otter  mineral  deposita  of  great  ex- 
tent and  richmae,  are  a'so  known  to 


exiat  there.  The  riohneaa  of  tha  ffi| 
flelda  along  the  east*  n  aa  well  aa  wet 
ern  |>art  of  the  lt<K!ky  Mounlalna,  froi 
latitude  !M  to  09,  la  well  «itab.laht<;  M. 
long  known. 

THE  IWDIAN   TTTLB, 

or  clalma  to  all  thia  aeotlon,  aa  hM  teen 
Iwfore  mentioned  have  all  l>eeu 
aatiafWotorily  piirohaaed  or  aettled. 
The  uniform  gcMHi  fklth  kept  by  the 
Britieh  and  Canadian  governmeuta  In 
all  of  their  treattee  with  tie  Indiana 
haa  been  aa  honorably  maintained  by 
these  forest  children,  and  I  liaveyeilu 
learn  of  the  first  Instance  of  their  ever 
committing  any  outiage  up'jn  peace- 
ably dispoaetl  |>«n)oUB.  On  the  con- 
trary, their  ncorti  of  kindneaa  andaa- 
ststaiice  to  sutlerli  g  white  men  Is  large 
and  Instances  numerous.  Tbeae  trea- 
tits  were  made  with  the  Indians  in 
thla  section  In  1871,  '72,  '78,  '74,  '75  '76, 
and  '77,  are  known  as  treaties  one  to 
■even,  respectively,  and  were  rnoatly 
made  under  Oovemor  Morris. 

OI^IMATIO. 

In  view  of  the  »tatemeu*s  already 
made  and  the  facts  that  follow  concern- 
ing this 

OKBAT  FBRTILB  BBF.T 

that  comes  sweeping  down  through 
this  great  section  and  Province,  anti 
south  Into  the  Htatea,  as  will  be  sLown 
hereafter,  I  tleem  it  lieet  tbat  the 
reasons  should  be  given  right  here,  why 
this  so  call  ;d  ijelt  should  oontiuue,  as 
It  already  Las  I ecome— nearly  up  to 
the  Iwundary  line— tlie  great  highway 
aloiii<  which  the  homes,  f^ms,  towns 
and  cities  will  stretch  continuously 
across  the  continent;  and  to  further  ex- 
plain, what  may  cause  debate  or  be 
condemned  without  examination,  this 
actual  fact  wants  to  te  borne  iu  mind. 
It  la  that  the  great 

MIQDLB   BELT  OR  ZONB 

In  which  is  f^^und  most  of  the  Intellect, 
and  that  crowning  result  of  the  hlgh- 


•1 
ftUluw 

for, 

belwa. 
whirb 

of ''^"K 

M 

■iiiii 
I 


to  come  c 
Peace,  At 
Heti  riven 
than  one  t 
^laiea,  dir 
tile  piesei 
Pacific  Hi 
pia        th< 


I 


UU  DAM. 


■  of  (he  |t| 

iintalim,  froi 
Ubilabtd  M. 


turn, 

a,  MhMkMu 
)     all    b««ii 

or  MtUed. 
k»pt  by  th*' 
veniineuUi  In 

II. «>  IndianH 
[iliitainrd   by 

I  lav^yevlti 
|of  their  ev«»i 

)ii  the  (Wil- 
li imM  andKH- 
luen  In  largf 
These  trea- 
Indlaua  in 
;,  '74.  '75  '76, 
jatlea  one  t<) 
were  inoatly 


BU'.a  already 
|:ow  oonceru- 

rn   through 

|-ovince,  and 

be  sLowii 

at   that   the 

it  here,  why 

lountiuue,  M* 

y   up  to 

%t  highway 

rms,  towuM 

itiiiuounly 

further  ex- 

lebate  or  be 

linatloD,  this 

le  in  mind. 

OKB 

leiutellect, 
U  rhe  high- 


Mt   HvllUailoi,    pr*0Mt$,    4tMM    p<4 
tbUowUM 

uimmot  tATiTor». 

fitr,  at^rtinf  In   Kufooa.  wa  AM  It 
iwtworii  (li»  ^tU  and  «mli  MMiM,   In 
wUMi  t>  aiatir*  mi  moat  nfVrutt^.  ail  ' 
o/  ''.niland,  Iralaiid,  H<i»tland,lt«tRliiu, 
H<<llau<l.     (twriiiany,      iNtninarll,     iha 
MHithorii  ijart  of  Hw»<l«ii  and  Norway, 
mUi     That  th«<  «*iti«  •'Itiiiata,  In  cmm- 
Inc  Uia  AMaii'i<  .  dro|Hi  frunt  thaWMh 
d«grM»«  •  Horn.    Iln*.  to    at   a   tMiry 
tihmrttl  Mlliiial*    a«  tow  tm  the  lAth  lu 
Airi«rt<«,  whU'h  lllin  would  tak«  In  th« 
iniiat,   if    n  >t    all    of    Nova  M.-..Ua    or 
Maine,  the  aauia  Una  AirmUiK (lie  north 
Imundaryof  New  llanu»hlre,  Vermont 
•nd    New    Yorli,  while    the  witithttni 
limit,  would  nl  l»««t  ((o  ae  Ut  aouth  aa  ' 
the  Mth  parallel,  wulch  la  Uie northern 
iKiundary  I'ne  of  North  Carolina,  and  I 
think  It  ahoulil  gn  even  to  the  ;«>th.  i 
Hut  thece  iMiundarlea  do  not  hold  k<hm1 
from  tlin  Atlantic  to  th«  yalley  of  the 
MlaalMlppI  river  even,  the  north  lln<> 
iiartliMihirly  In  wlntar    hdllnK   nearly 
fourh  iif  the  lahee.     But,  after  pannluK  -. 
the  great  lakea,  tloi  eame  climate  rlaaa  i 
rapidly  to  the  northweat  until  ai  the; 
I'at-lflo  ooaet  It  l«  fully  the  aame  i*a  In 
Kumpe,   vlr, :    Mth   and   <V)  U    parallel. 
The  t»u  tee  of  theee  dette«'tl'    m  are  elui- 
ple  and  iia'uial,  when  proi-rly  under- 
iitood.     Klmt  the  »trf)ng  Ar«tlc  cur renta  i 
that  flow  south  along   Imth  ooaata  of! 
Oreenlaiiil,  (lomwwed  of  the  Icy  water* 
of    that  great    frigid    aea    around   the 
North    Hole,   tiearing    In    them    thoae ; 
.nighty  maaeea  of  loe,  calleil  Icebergeor 
Dtountaliin,  ilown  jiaat  the  (»oaet  of  Ia-  j 
hiailor,  and  ao  along  until  thle  inirrent  I 
nueU  tlie    warm    wat'^r    of   the    gulf  I 
•tream  on  the  l«nka  of  Newfoundland 
-  which  here  turn  the  water*  of  that 
tropkml  Rtream  to  the  uortheaat.  caue- 
luK  It  to  nana  near  to  tha  ahoree  of  Ire- 1 
laad  and  eaat  of  leelaml— and  ao  on 
until  lU  fnrt-e  and  wermth  are  loat  In  j 
the  freea<ng  watere  of    Nova  Zembla. 
The  watei-a  of  thin  (Ireenlaiidlo  current , 
are  In  tun.  defle<'te<l  and  thrown  to  the  i 
right,  aloiiK  the  eaateru  ahoree  of  Uie  : 
Dominion     ami     the    New     Fufiaiid  I 
.Statee  of  the  Union.     But  thoae  great 
iiiiwaee  of  ice  ilo  not  e,iaily  loan  their  i 
momenture,   hut  go  on  Into  the  (luif 
Htream  and  acrone  It  Into  n'ld  o<iean  un- 
t.l  tliey  are  crun'bleilaway  by  themild 
air  anil  the  heavy  eeaa  of  the  Atlantic. 
Tlio  Euro|)oau  coatt  haa  no  auch  Arc- 
tic current,  or  at  leaat   none  of  auch 
magnitude. 

Tne  Faclflc  Ocean  haa  no  Antic  cur- 
rent, but  the  gr.'at  Ja|/ane«e  atream 
sweeping  Ite  mighty  current,  fourtimea 
theelaeuf  the  Gulf  stre.im  north  from 
the  E<|Uator,  paet  the  (Jhlneae  and 
Japaneee  uoaatH,  on  out  ln!o  the  Paclflt^ 
unlll  In  its  northwani  oounMs,  It  reaches 
the  curved  line  of  the  AlfUllan  lalanda 
th-it  atretch  away  out  from  mir  Ruasian 
purehaae  of  Alaeka.  nearly  Hcroae  to 
ths  Aalatlc  coast,  off  Kamakatk.*,  cauees 
this  mighty  Oceanic  river,  with  It*) 
rapid  current  of  four  mllee  per  hour 
audita  accompanying  trade  wmila.to 
ilertect  to  tae  eaet,  striking  the  Paolflc 
coast  of  thle  «  mtinent  to  the  north  of 
the  Both  parallel  oi  latitude,  while  tlse 
low  altitude  and  narrower  ,  rtia  (from 
east  to  west)  of  the  rauKM  of  mouu- 
tilus  allow  these 

WARM  TRA.DB  WINDB 

to  come  over  lutj  the  val'eys  of  the 
Peace.  Athabaska,  Saakatchewan  and 
Ked  rivers,  with  an  elevation  of  leas 
than  one  third  of  that  of  the  United 
olatee,  dire;tly  south  along  the  line  of 
the  pieseut  great  Union  and  (Jeuttal 
Pacific  Railway.  .\nd  It  further  ex- 
pla        the  fact,    well  known   to  all 


rhinago  to  Han   Franolaoo,  (^al..   tha 
there  h  a  gra^lual  rlae  In  the  aurnu^e  of 
the  country   after  pasaliig   the  Mliala- 
alppl  river  towanla  the  Y'acltii 


raaldmiU  ImN^  that  atirtnc  noiuaa  to 
JitaiiUoli«llr«iaillwnortl>w«il,and  why 
MMil  WMrther  In  the  l^ll  la  earllM  In  that 
Fr»vtaMt  titan  lu  ttie  aliova  named 
Tallaya. 

tha  report  of  th*  Unlt«l  HUtaa 
weathar  offloa  at  I'amblna.  In  tha  (f  H 
on  or  iie«r  tha  (lanadlan  and  United 
Htataa  bmiiulary  line,  and  the  t'anadlan 
mmiktT  onto*  at  Wlunlpag,  (?ontlnue«l 
thmqgh  a  numbak  of  yaftn,  ahow  that 
tha  point  of  the  graataal  degree  of 
<Hila  In  thl«  aeiitlun  of  the  Northweat, 
la  at  or  near  tha  boundary  Una;  It 
being  mlldar  north  -even  at  Winnl- 
1>«K  u  wall  aa  aouth  from  tha  iMiund 
arv 

Again,  about  In  a  north  line  fri>ra  the 
Kaatern  i>art  of  the  Htate  of  Ohio,  or 
(olllngwiMi  I,  Ontario,  the  cold  waten 
oftha  frosen  Arotin  H«a  come  doarn  In- 
to tha  country  thn>ugh  Hu<laon'a  Bay 
ai  fhr  aouth  aa  latltud<i  ni,  while  the 
north  lin«  of  Mlnnaaota  la  only  40.  It 
la  from  thla  liauae,  itoubtleae,  that  the 
cohl  northerly  wlmhi  of  winter  cauae 
the  depreealon  of  the  thermal  line  aouth 
of  the  gn^at  lakea  In  thoee  montba,  and 
that  the  warm 

TRADR  wiMw  or  TUB  rAcirio 
which  iNime  down  through  tha  rlrcr 
valleys   heretofore  named,  do  not  go 
eaaterly,  near  the  Atlantic  ooaat,  but 
detlect  aouthwardly  Into  the  Htatea. 

Once  mure  we  HnU  aa  we  go  weet- 
ward  over  the  proaent  railway  from 
(Chicago  to  Han  Franolaoo,  (^al.,  that 
there  h  a  g 

g  1 

Pacltic,  until 
In  the  weetern  part  of  Nehraaka  It 
reiiche*  an  altitude  of  8,800  ffet,  (a 
iMii lit  several  hundred  feet  higher  than 
(he  htghMt  iMiliiton  the  ('aaa<ilan  Pa- 
cillc  Itatlwiiy).  A  ahort  dlatantie  lie- 
yond  the  Houky  Mobutalna  proper, 
beglna,  and  for  tha  next  1300  inllaa, 

roUR  OHRAT  UAN(IH8  0P  MOIINTAINH 

have  to  tie  oroeae4l  by  the  pi'eaent  Union 
and  Central  Pacific  Railway,  at  eleva- 
llona  of  H,'.Ma  feet,  7,8.Vi  feet,  <I,IIH  rset, 
7,017  feet  reai>ectlvely,  going  west 
Now,  aa  It  la  well  known  thdt  altitude 
Is  e<|ulvalent  to  latitude,  It  la  eaay  to 
lie  aeen  why  the  great  middle  aone  of 
teRi|>erature  doee  nut  r..n  with  the 
latitude  HcroHH  the  Atlantic  and  acniaa 
the  Htatee  to  the  Weateni  Ocean.  It  la 
becaiiHe  It  can't. 

The  Arctic  ourrenta,  oonatantly  flow- 
ing from  an  eternity  of  ice  in  the  one 
case,  and  the  four  great  rangee  of 
mo.intalna  of  Immense  height  (muny 
constantly  enow-aapped,  for  the  altl- 
tudeH  alM)ve  given  are  merely  thoee  of 
the  paaees  through  them)  and  their 
great  extent  east  and  weet,  in  the  other 
case,  provea  the  popularly  lieiievml 
theory  of  wlae  emigration,  "  keep  In 
your  native  latitude?'  to  »»  incorrect. 

Ofcouise,  here  and  there,  lietween 
these  mounUln  raugea,  are  warmer 
valleys,  biit  theee  grt^nd  and  mighty 
formations  of  the  Divine  Archlte.;t,  act 
as  ao  many  coiideunerij  of  the  o'ouds 
and  moiet  winds  parsing  over  them, 
particularly  when  there  1«  added  a 
fifth  wall  of  mountalUH  skirting  the 
iHinreiiiati  coaat  of  the  Pacific,  called 
the  (Joait  Range.  Whatever  moisture 
there  is  in  the  breezes  from  that  mighty 
ocean  of  rest,  well  calle<l  the  Pacmn.  is 
0  >mpletely  taken  out  of  them  before 
thoy  get  any  d. stance  in  the  inter.or. 
Besides,  It  is  well  known,  that  In  the 
Htato  of  C>'allfornia  Itself,  It  never  rains 
from  May  to  November,  hence,  these 
eausee  account  for  the  entire  abeonce 
of  largt'  (or  for  that  matter,small)  rlv- 
trs,  v/ith  bordering  fertile  valleys  like 
those  in  the   northwest,   aud  for  the 


land  Mt  of  ttte  toiouMlUt*  mounUIn 
rang*  Mna  dry,  arlo.  alkali  plaliia. 
tikt  Mw<M'  <w  tite  llumUildt.  a  slnram 
whlclH,  aa  mual  of  thani  il'<,  loaea  llaalf 
Ib  th«  MlHi.  Tliey  alto  a>««'unt  for  tha 
Avt  tlMll«  whera  I  iltlvallon  I*  narrlail 
on,  It  It  only  mitiiitalned  by  lirlgailon 
ft'om  soMill  .iraaiua  Juat  from  Ihn  moun- 
Ulna. 

Hut  enough  on  this  saotlon,  and  to 
acain  raturot<ithaJapaufaaatr«Mn.  I 
said  thara  waa  no  Arutte  rairrant  In  the 
Paittt«.  Xb*  tiMiaa  uf  thla  la,  that  Ihf 
wAolBOf  ■•  JapiABM  atream  do>^  not 
coma  to  tmt  wstarn  uiuat,  Ih  I  a  latr 
tlonofitthat  Ai>wr  twynnn  the  Aleu- 
tian lalaiula,  kae|Mi  on  In  lis  course  aa 
laid  damn  >•>  the  Almighty,  ami  UIng 
ga.hatad  Into  a  narniwe«l  aii<l  strougar 
curruBt  by  the  oonvsrglr.g  of  iha  ooMt 
of  tha  large  lay,  opaning  aouth  ward  to 
raoalva  It,  j..  in.  Uirough  Behrtng 
Htralta  iupraat  m  lums  Into  the  Amtlc 
Ofl^ao-  tvlB  keapa  the  weatern  |i«rt  of 
that  ■••  ao  opan  and  la  the  reaaon  why 
no  loalMfia  are  ne«u  off  our  w*  stern 
coast ;  It  BJao  doiibtleas  has  Its  Intlutnoe 
In  moving  out  that  merellaii  atream  of 
nold  Into  the  Atlantic.  Ferhapi  tbia 
very  Inlaota.l  warm  current  acoounta 
for  tha  kot  that  Ice  In  that  dismal  aco- 
tlondoas  not  laoreaae  from  year  i<>  y»u, 
keeping  ua  In  oonatant  fear  <  f  another 
great 

OLACIBBOAI.  DBLUOa 

If,  In  giving  ao  muoh  iiiace  to  thasa 
almply  oUmaHo  fact*,  I  have  tlre<i  tha 
ADvmTUn'a  raadan,  1  would  In  «x- 
tenuattoo  out  slnapty  say,  that  I  do  ao 
honairtly  believing  them  worthy  of 
their  paruaal  They  aHo  exiilnln  per- 
ha|ia,  Biany  <>f  the  seeming  sflfevtlent 
abaurdltles,  that  varloua  writers  and 
persooa  hava  given  In  atatiug  trtUl^fitl 
JacU  of 

THB  NBW   NORTHWBBT. 

For  the  information  of  tha  AnvBM- 
TUiHH'a  rvaileni  in  the  United  Htates, 
as  well  as  elsewhere,  a  few  word«  oa 
the 

CANADIAN  FORM  OF 

GOVERNMENT 

may  heof  Intereet.  The  ('on  federation, 
aa  torme<l  at  present,  consiate  of  the 
Provliioeaof  Ontario  (formerly  Upper 
Canada),  (^iieliec  (formeily  lower  Can- 
a<iH),  New  Brunawlck.  Nova  .Scotia, 
Manitoba,  BritlHh  Coiuiulila,  Prince 
Kdwarda  Island,  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory -Juat  organic.ed~and  I'errltory  of 
Kejwatlu,  unorgan  J7e<l ;  the  latter  be- 
ing as  yet  under  the  charge  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  Manitoba. 

Tha  CV>n federation  was  formeil  In 
18H7  by  the  uuion  of  the  (Irat  four 
named  provlncs,  Manitoba  entering 
in  1870,  British  Columbia  in  1871, 
Prlnee  Plilward's  Island  In  lH7;t.  New 
Foundiat  d  is  t'le  only  province  that  Is 
still  out  of  the  U^it^ii,  which  is  known 
at  the  D.iminion  of  Canada,  at  the 
head  of  which  lathe  Ujveriior  (jenenil, 
who  is  api^Kiinted  by  the  t^ueen  for  live 
years,  Ht  a  salary  fixed  by  the  Domin- 
ion Heelf,  of  900,000  (er  annum.  The 
seuatortf,  who  at  preee  t  number 
eighty-one,  hold  their  oftlce  fur  life. 
At  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the 
confederation  their  number  was  seven- 
ty-two, they  being  appointed  by  the 
Queen  dlre«;t,  Hulwequeut  additions 
and  vatrancleH  since  occurring  are  filled 
by  nominations  made  by  the  O  vernor 
tiei.erni  and  Council,  which  nomina- 
tioufc  are  onflrme*!  by  the  Queen,  who 
IsHues  their  com mifitilons  to  them  direct. 
Vacauolee  may  occur  by  deal  h,  rralgna- 
tlon,  a^aouoe  for  two  consecutive  see- 


SrOBARr,  EDEN  A  CX). 8  BLOCK.     Set  Pagt  S7. 


of 


alona,    ba  ikruptoy  or  oonvioticn 
inftunous  crinee. 

THK  IIOUSK  OF  COMMONS 

low  consists  of  aVcut  two  hundred 
meuib  r<.  They  are  elec  ed  by  the 
people,  oM  a  basis  of  population  and  are 
chosen  for  five  years.  ilesideiice  is 
not  a  lequlslte  for  a  candidatf^  in  the 
district  in  which  he  may  chooM  to 
"stand,"  but  be  may  represent  a  dis- 
trict ot')<>T  than  the  one  in  Vkhich  he 
n  sides. 

Abwc  ated  with  the  Governor  Qen- 
era!  U  a  cabinet  or  ministry  of  tuirtnen 
members,  known  ae  th? 

aiEEN'S  PBIVY  COUNCIL,  FOR  CANADA, 

w)jo  hold  the  >iortfolios  of  the  different 
departments  under  the  title  of  minis 
ters  of  customs,  interiui,  etc.  Tbe  for- 
mat.on  of  this  cabinet  is  made  by  the 
GoTernor  General  asking  tbe  recog- 
nized leader  (in  the  House)  of  the 
poMtica'.  party  in  maloriiy,  to  oosfer 
wf  h  him  iu  naming  tbe  members  of 
the  cabinet,  which  seiections  are  made 
1)0  Lh  from  the  Senate  and  House,  with 
a  majority  from  tbe  latt'jr  body.  The 
Me)nl)err  of  the  Houst,  so  named,  if 
they  accept,  at  once  rRsigu  and  again 
go  liefoi-e  the  peop'^  of  their  own  or 
any  other  Douse  constituency  that 
may  be  vacant  if  they  so  desire,  for  r© 
election  to  the  House  ;  wLen  if  re- 
elected, they  tak»  their  place  In  thw 
cabinet  This  is  done  to*  assure  a  full 
accord  between  the  ministry  and  the 
pfoile.  If  the  member  BO  named  falls 
of  rd- election,  he  is  out  of  lx>th  house 
and  cabinet,  but  he  is  not  debarred  fron 
running  again  for  tht  house  only.    If 


Miv  of  the  originally  i  amed  meml>er8 
fail  in  their  re  elect  on,  another  is 
named  untC  the  number  is  complete. 
The  senators,  being  for  life,  do  not  re- 
quire re-election,  nsithor  ao  they  lose 
'li'e:?  seats  in  an>  e  'ent.  Tr.e  member 
-ji  the  House  originally  called  by  the 
(Governor  General  to  aid  in  forming 
the  council,  is  called  the  Premier,  or 
in  the  Dominion  government 

THa  PRIME  MINISTBB, 

and  tLe  government  so  formed  is  usu 
ai^y  known  by  his  name.  As  in  the 
case  of  the  present  Prime  Minister, 
Bt.  Hon.  Sir  John  A.  McDonald,  the 
government  is  called  the 

H' DONALD   OOVBBNMaNT. 

When  the  organization  is  completed, 
t;>j  Queen  issues  their  commissions  to 
them   as  Her  councillors.      To   tbe;e 
miaisters   is   generally    accorded    the 
privilege  of  making  appointments  to 
fill  any  vacancies  in  the  horje  or  head 
department    among  their    immediate 
deputiea  or  clerks,  or  In  anj*  of  the  Do- 
mlDion  offlc  s  in  any  of  the  Provinces ; 
though    the   Governor   General  is  re 
spondlble  for  all  such  offlcers  and  has  a 
right  to  name  them.    Still  lie  usualiy  ! 
waives  the  right  and  confirms  the  ap- 1 
poiutmeut^.oi     his   ministers.      Tnej 
courtesy  of  naming  the  candidates  for : 
any  of  the  Provincial  vacancies  is  usu  < 
,  'lly  pncorded  by  the  minister  of  what-  ! 
fevJ^r  department  it  may  be  in,  to  the  ! 
memb?r  of  that  Province  wliose  poli- 
tics Is  la  accord  with  tliat  ot  (lie  mlnia 
try.     Such  subordinate   appointments 
both  iu  the  head  departments  as  well 
as  in  the  Provinces  being 


MADK  FOR  Vtvn, 

or  during  good  behavior.  The  recipi- 
ent \n  Hupp«Wd  to  thereafter  keep  him- 
self clear  of  all  political  questions, 
either  by  his  vot-^  or  otherwise:  Uiey 
being  expected  to  know  only  theu* 
ofllolal  duties  and  to  tusko  their  Aiture 
reputation  or  advanceuieut  by  their 
effloleiicy  and  cnurt«ii>.  For,  Ihor.Kh 
tiie  miiiivtry  and  political  party  under 
vhicdi  they  were  appoint,  d,  may  lose 
poMition  ami  i>ower,  it  doee  not  nfTeot 
tleni,  the  same  holding  good  with  the 
<t<>)iutie«,  etc.,  in  the  department  home 
odlco  in  Ottawa.  Changes  ia  the  min- 
isiry  pi  t  out  of  position  only  the  mio- 
Ist'-r'j  themselveri 

But  to  resume.  The  Govwrcor  Gen- 
eral has  the  privilege  of  calling  upon 
an;;  of  Ills  ministers  to  resign,  ana  of 
calling  another  member  to  such  de- 
purtmunt,  or  he  may  dissolve  the  en- 
tire cabinet  All  measures  for  parlia- 
mentary action  are  usually  introduced 
by  the  minister  of  the  department 
fiom  which  it  world  be  proper  to  ema- 
nate, and  whenever  the  government 
fails  of  support  in  tbe  House  in  any  of 
its  measures,  it  is  us'ially  expected 
they  will  resign  ;  oi'  if  a  direct  vote  of 
want  of  confl Jence  in  them  is  given  by 
I'  e  Ilousi— which  Is  u.'iually  followed 
l,y  a  petition  to  the  Gov  srnor  General 
to  name  a  new  Premier  who  Is  usually 
tbe  leader  of  the  opposition  in  the 
House— upon  such  a  vote  the  Premier 
and  Couuoil  so  defeated  resign  their 
commlHsioi  H,  wh'cb  are  accepted,  and 
the  new  Pr.'mter  and  Council  taice 
their  places ;  those  from  the  House  go- 
in  or  l>efore  the  people  for  re-eleottun  as 
attlrst 

THS  PBOVINCLAI.  QOVERKORS 

are  appointed  by  the  Governor  General 
and  Council,  with  the  approval  of  the 
Queen,  with  the  'itle  of  L'entenant 
Governor,  such  appointment  being  for 
five  years.  In  the  Provincial  Parlia- 
ments there  are  no  senators,  the  body 
twing  composed  of  the  Legislative 
Council,  appointed  by  the  Lieut.  Gov- 
ernor and  liis  Council  for  life,  and  the 
Legislative  Assembly  elected  for  four 
years.  The  Lieut.  Governor  name}  a 
Premier,  wao  selects  with  the  Gover- 
nor, a  cabinet  which  Is  called  the  Ex 
eoutlve  CouQcll;  it  being  selected  and 
governed  by  tbe  same  rul^  as  the  Privy 
Council  in  the  Dominion  government. 
Bubordinate  provincial  officers  are  fbr 
life,  the  same  as  in  the  Dominion. 
Three  of  the  provinces  h»ve  done  away 
with  the  nominntive  body  or  legisU- 
tivf  council  an(i  have  only  one,  the 
elective  or  legislative  assembly.  This 
bjdy  with  the  executive  council,  per- 
forcis  the  provincial  governmental 
functions.  The  provlnres  haviag  only 
th^  one  are  Ontario,  i.^auitobi  And 
British  C'^lumbia. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  does  not 
pay  one  cent  of  tribute  or  taxes  to  tbe 
English  or  home  government,  in  any 
way  whatever.  On  the  contrar*  «>»e 
charges    1:  ysx  Just   the  same  c  ■< 

tariff  on  her  itterchandise,  etc.,  c-^  ^91 
into  Canad  ,  as  upon  (hat  coming  from 
the  Unitea  States  or  any  other  country. 
Again,  all  the  public  lands  in  British 
America  (which  has  a  much  larger 
arer.  than  the  United  States)  belong  to 
the  Domiuior  and  not  to  England. 
Canada  has  ulc  j  its  own  system  of  in- 
ternal revenue.  In  fact,  her  resources 
are  the  same  as  the  National  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States.  There  are 
no  British  tn  ops  in  the  Dominion,  her 
forts  being  Rarrisoned  by  her  own  sol- 
diers under  her  own  control,  though^  as 
aroresaid,  some  of  her  governmental 
officers  arenominaly  understood  as  be- 


The  reolpi- 
l«r  krep  iitm- 
%\  questionii, 
lerwIiHt'.  khey 
r  only  their 
u  their  Aiture 
ent  by  their 
For,  Ihoi.gh 
J  awty  iiuder 
t<a,  may  lost; 
tee  not  nflVot 
{ood  with  tl\B 
.rtiiient  hoaxn 
Be  la  Uie  mln- 
luly  the  mln- 

^oTerco^  Qen- 
calllng  upoD 
riwigii,  RUM  of 
r  to  auoh  de- 
wolve  the  eu- 
reti  for  parlla- 
lly  introduced 
>  department 
>toper  to  ema- 
)  government 
()U8e  in  any  of 
ally  expected 
,  direot  vote  of 
im  in  given  by 
ually  followed 
jruor  Oenei-al 
who  is  usually 
Bitlon  in  the 
B  the  Premier 
1  reelga  their 
accepte<I,  and 
Couuoil  take 
the  House  go- 
:  re-eleotiun  ae 


)VERN0II8 

rsrnor  Qeneral 
pproval  of  the 
of  L'entenant 
nent  being  for 
rlnolal  Parlia- 
ttors,  the  body 
18  Legislative 
he  Liieut.  Gov- 
)r  lifH.  and  the 
iiected  for  four 
irnor  namei  a 
Ith  the  Gover- 
Dalled  the  Er 
{  selected  and 
OB  as  the  Privy 
n  government, 
offloen  are  fbr 
be  Dominion. 
*ve  done  away 
ody  or  legisls  - 
only  one,  the 
Membly.  This 
I  oouucll,  per- 
governmental 
w  haviug  only 
i/anltom  and 

nada  does  not 
r  taxes  to  the 
iment,  in  any 
I  contrar'  «he 
mme  c  '* 

e,  etc.,  t.-.  ^n 
t  coming  from 
other  country. 
nds  in  British 

much  larger 
ites)  belong  to 
;  to  England. 

system  of  in- 
,  her  resources 
ional  Govern- 
cB.  There  are 
Dominion,  hei 
ly  her  own  sol- 
rol,  though,  as 

B;overumental 
erstood  as  be- 


lag  immed  by  the  Queen  ;  she  seems  to 
Wftlv*  Ukfat  right  with  the  single  ex 'Op- 
tion'if  the  <><ivernor()ieneral  ;  and  even 
In  his  case,  she  would  not  name  or  re 
tain  any  one  that  was  obuoxiouM  to 
theni.  All  oooimigslons  and  legal  docu- 
ments eraanatiuK  from  and  under  the 
Doniiniou,  nokn()wle<lg«>  Her  MHljwty's 
80v«reifrnly,  and  light  a<  her  legal  hold 
upon  tlleni  Heeri.s,  f  very  'nnch  uoulit  If 
in  England  even,  she  haii  more  really 
loyal  subjects  than  are  .he  Canadians 
t<Hl«y- 

VOTING  IN  OANAOA, 

for  members  of  Parliament,  etc,,  is  free 
to  ikl'  (but  Indians)  except  a  small  prop> 
erty  qualification,  whicti  auiouut  may 
vary  some  in  thn  d^Wsrent  provinces, 
though  1  cannot  say  that  it  !<'  not  uni- 
form. But  this  limittttiun.  siuhII  as  it 
may  be,  Is  a  most  wonderful  safeguard 
of  that  greatest  (^f  political  privllegee, 
the  ballot  r-  f  b 

If  these  hurried 

POLITICAL  NOTR8 

are  given  with  sufQtient  clearness,  our 
many  readers  may  be  able  to  better 
Judt^e  which  of  the  two  governments, 
that  of  Canada  or  the  United  Htutes,  is 
really  tiie  l)est  and  freest,  and.  which 
'Xintains  the  elements  of  the  greatest 
present  and  future  strength.  They, 
perhaps,  may  be  able  to  decide  whether 
re  cannot  embody  in  our  own  govern- 
mi^ntal  machinery  some  good  thingb 
from  even  so  young  a  government 
«a  that  of  Canada. 

MANITOBA. 

On  the  eastern  limit,  or  more  prop- 
erly speaking,  the  southeastern  corner 
ot  sbis  great  prairie  tract  of  mure  than 
one  thouaana  miles  in  extent,  spoken 
of  in  Mr.  Grant's  "Ocean  to  Ocean,"  is 
the  location  of  this  little  province), 
with  an  area,  of  only  some  14,340 
square  miles,  being  aoout  120  miles 
from  east  to  west,  by  100  miles  north 
and  soutb,  and  containing  about  10,- 
OOO.jOO  acres.  Coming  just  within  her 
eastorn  borders  is  that 

VAST   FOBK8T  KEOION, 

that  extends  away  eastwardly  through 
the  older  provinces  to  the  Atlantic. 
while  coming  In  from  the  south  is  that 

great  prairie  country  frora  the  United 
tates,  or  which  more  properly  speak- 
ing, stretches  away  from  the  wa- 
ters* of  the  Peace  Biver  through 
Manitoba,  south  through  Minnesota, 
Dakota,  lowu,  Illinois,  MissoDri,  Kan- 
sas, the  Indian  Territory  aud  Texas, 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  more  than  two 
thousand  miles  from  the  southern 
boundary  of  Manitoba.  In  this  latter 
prairie  tract,  away  on  the  south  line 
of  the  State  of  Minnesota,  rises  the 
Red  Bivcr,  which, running  almost  due 
north  of  the  States  into  and  across  this 
province,  empties  into  Lake  Winci- 
peg,  some  forty  miles  north  of  its 
capital  city  of  Winnipeg.  As  this 
Stream  pursues  its  course  northward 
through  this  great  prairie,  its  valley 
widens  from  a  few  miles  to  fully  40 
miles  ^n  the  west  to  the  Pembina 
Mountains,  and  00  miles  east,  but  the 
eastern  forest  section  gradually  begins 
to  close  in  shortly  after  the  river 
Miters  the  province,  in  a  circuiar  line, 
until  it  comes  up  to  &n<*  crosses  the 
river  about  20  miles  above  its  mouth. 
Along  its  western  bauk,  after  entering 
the  province,  are  scattered  belts  of 
timber  with  some  on  its  western  trib- 
utaries ;  but  its  eastern  bank  is  gener- 
ally lined  with  a  timber  belt  of  fully 
one  mile  in  width,  while  streams 
coming  in  from  the  east  are  both  more 
nuoterous  and  larger  with  correspond- 
ingly heavy  borderinga  of  forest.   The 


_[•} _^ 

Bid  River  in  orossing  Man;ti)bH, 
leaves  about  one-third  of  the  province 
to  the  east.  This  river  empties  Into 
Lake  'Vlnnlpeg  through  four  chaniiels 
or  mouths;  the  tlrst.  or  mure  easU^rly 
being  the  l)est.  All  of  Its  channel.t  or 
tnui.ths  run  through  a  laige  tract  of 
grassy  marsh,  extending  some  u*ne 
inlles  north  and  south,  and  15  miles 
east  and  west,  along  the  head  of  this 
great  lak(<  some  three  hundred  miles 
lorg.  A  little  more  than  ^alf  way 
from  the  south  to  the  northern  pro- 
vincial boandaries  the 

A88INNBBOINB 

empties  Into  the  Red  from  the  west. 
Following  up  the  Asstnneholne  its 
general  course  through  the  Province 
to  it«  Western  limit  is  to  the  west, 
thus  dividing  the  Western  two-thirds 
of  the  Province  in(u  nearly  two 
equal  parts.  Near  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  the  Province  comes  in  a  high 
plateau  called  the  Biding  Mountains, 
which  run  in  a  southeast  course  until 
broken  by  the  broad  valleyof  the  As- 
Hinneboine,  hero  some  Qfty  miles  wide 
the  river  flowijg  nearly  through  the 
middle  of  this  valley.  To  the  south 
of  this  valley  this  same  plateau  attain- 
ing an  elevation  of  some  two  or  three 
hundred  feet  again  rises,  running  in 
the  same  general  course  but  is  known 
as  the 

FKHBINA  MOUNTAINS 

which  extend  on  out  of  the  Province 
into  the  States,  thus  dividing  the 
western  portion  of  the  Province  into 
two  parts,  that  laying  to  the  east  being 
generally  the  level  prairie  of  the  Bed 
and  Assinneboine  valleyi:;  proper, 
while  to  the  w«st  it  is  higher  aud 
more  rolling.  Along  the  northern 
boundary  line  near  the  northeast  cor- 
ner the  waters  of 

LAKE    WINNIPEG 

come  down  into  the  Province  some 
fifteen  niles.  This  lake  is  some  300 
miles  long  from  the  mouth  of  the  Bed 
river  to  its  outlet  into  the  Hudson  s 
Bay.  near  Norway  House,  through  the 
Biver  Nelson.  Itc  course  is  directly 
north.  Following  along  this  same 
northern  boundary  line  some  forty 
miles  from  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Winnipeg, 

LAKE  MANITOBA 

comes  down  into  the  Province  some 
25  miles.  It  runs  north  some  viO  miles 
when  it  is  terminated  by  a  marshy 
section  through  whioti  runs  a  narrow 
channel  a  mile  or  two  into 

LAKE   F^INNEPEGOSIB. 

This  lake  runs  north  another  120  miles, 
having  an  outlet  through  a  small  lake 
called  Gedai  Lake,  which  is  really  an 
enlargement  of  the  Saskatchewan,  a 
short  distance  above  its  mouth,  and  so 
the  waters  of  these  two  lakes  really 
iiow  into  Lake  Winnipeg  through  the 
channel  or  mouth  of  tha'  i  ver.  To- 
gether these  two  lakes  at  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  miles  from  north  to 
south  with  many  beautiful  bays  and 
smaller  connecting  lakes.  The  great- 
est breadth  of  Lake  Manitoba  is 
twenty-four  miles  and  cf  Lake  Winn- 
epegosia,  twenty  miles.  Uninterrup- 
ted navigation  is  obtainable  between 
these  two  lakes.  Some  twenty  five 
iviles  riown  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Winnipeg  at  Fort  Alex  \nder  the 

WINNIPEG  Rl/EB 

enters  the  lake.  This  is  a  large 
stream,  it  being  the  ouMet  of  Balny 
Lake,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  in  fact  the 
entire  country  neariy  through  to 
Thunder  Bay  on  Lake  Superior  and 
embraces  in  its  basin  the  greatest 
watered  portion  of  theentire  continent 


-     I 


save  only  that  of  th«  gtifttUkes  them- 
selvta.  Its  sornery  U  gnnA  and  pio- 
tureaqne.  It  Is  a  stream  of  oa«oiulc« 
and  waterfalls,  fHlllng  during  its 
course  of  136  to  150  miles  from  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods  nearly  6U0  feet. 
This  river  with  thd  lakea  and  streams 
connected  with  It  was  the  highwiiy  or 
water  way  over  which  those  hard. 
French  Guiadian  voyagers  for  mora 
than  100  years  carried  on  their  *.ra tile 
between  £he  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
and  their  trading  posts  on  the  Red, 
Satkaiohewaii  and  other  struauis  to 
'he  west  and  south  through  to  the  Pa- 
clUo.    They  form  to-dey  a  part  of  the 

DAWSOA   ROUTE 

which  begins  at  Thunder  Bay  going 
west  over  the  same  series  of  small 
lakea  and  streams  to  the  west  shore  of 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  where  Instead 
ef  continuiuK  down  Winnipeg  River, 
up  the  lake  and  up  Red  Hi  ver,  it  leav  «■ 
the  I.iake  of  the  Woods  and  by  wagon 
road  goes  direct  to  Winnipeg  or  Ft. 
Garry,  126  miles  distant.  On  tnls  ro"te 
to-day  eleven  small  steamers  take  the 
place  of  the  batteaux  of  those  early 
voyagers  in  the  waters  between  the 
cMffurent  purtages,  while  good  connect- 
ing roads  have  been  built  where  nec- 
essary. This  route  was  opened 
through  by  the  Canadian  government 
intSTOand  has  since  been  kept  in  op- 
eration by  the  government,  open  to 
travel  r.nd  transportation  generally. 
Though  'tis  perhaps  but  natural  to  ex- 
pect, it  never  has  become  a  much  pat- 
roni'.ed  route,  as  against  continuing  on 
Lake  Superior  to  Duluth,  the  North- 
ern FadficI  and  St.  Paul  &  Pacific 
to  Winnipeg.  Slill  the  opportunity 
has  existed  and  at  low  rates  fixed 
by  the  Canadian  government,  which 
is  to-day  expending  larse  amounts 
in  bnilding  locks  in  Rainy  Biver 
for  steamers  to  still  further  im- 
prove it.  Again,  through  this  same 
section  the  Canadian  Pacific  Bailway 
has  its  line  located  aud  most  of  it  un- 
der contract,  with  some  225  miles 
graded  and  the  iron  down  at  least  100 
miles  of  it,  while  at  Thunder  Bay  aud 
Winnipeg  is  piled  up  the  steel  rails, 
fish  plates,  bolts  and  spikes  enough  for 
the  entire  distance.  So  that  soon  the 
whistle  of  the  locomotive  will  be 
heard  th;ough  those  wilda  that  for  the 
last  160  years  knew  only  the  songs  and 
shouts  of  the  "Goureurs  Des  Bois." 

But  returning  to  Manitoba  again,  I 
would  say,  that  between  Lake  Winni- 
peg, Manitoba  and  Winnepegosis,  the 
country  is  generally  a  forest,  as  it  is 
generally  around  the  shores  of  all 
these  lakes,  also  along  the  streams  en- 
tering into  them.  Along  the 
Assinneboine  are  heavy  timber  belts, 
especially  on  its  south  bank  wbicb,with 
that  along  the  Bed,  already  spoken  of. 
Bid  the  generally  timbereo  uplands  of 
tl  Biding  and  Pdmbina  mountains, 
need  only  protection  agaiust  praine 
fires  to  increase  it  largely;  white 
coal  is  known  to  exist  in  the  Riding 
and  Pembina  mountains.  So  it  will  be 
seen  that  the 

WOOD  AND  WATBB  SUPPLY 

is  ample  for  all  present  and  future 
wants  of  the  Province— while  as  yet 
Manitoba  is  drawing  but  little  on  her 
own  fuel  reacurces  as  moat  at  present 
is  rafted  down  the  Bed  river  from  the 
States. 

THE  SOIL 

of  the  Province  belngmainly  of  the  rich 
black  alluvium  of  the  Bed  and  Assin- 
neboine Valleys,  from  four  to  eight  and 
even  twelve  feet  deep,  is  unsurpassed 
in  fertility  even  by  that  of  the  t'amouf 
Valley  of  the  Nile,  while  that  of  its 
gentle  uplands  is  of  a  quick  rich  loam. 


■m 


ii.  In  fM^  I  do  not  bellev«  th«r«  !•  k 
m/  single  acre  of  poor  land  in  tb<i  Prov- 
'  Inoe. 

TH«  PBODOCTIONS. 

of  this  coantry  are  large  and  Taried 
enough  to  show  tbat  it  ponesaea  un- 
maal  wealth  ol  boII.  From  the  returna 
it  laat  years  croiw  the  following 
showing  was  reaohed,  although 
lessened  by  various  cause,  frem 
that  of  previous  vears,  snnie  of 
which  were  local  anu  some  general, 
but  mostly  peculiar  to  that  year. 
Among  these  were  the  very  heavy 
rains  that  naught  the  wheat  just  as  it 
was  ripening,  flie  following  yields 
per  acre  was  the  showing  mado  as 
above  named :  Whi*at  from  25  to  US 
busbelB,  average  S2%  bu.;  Barley  40  to 
46,  average  42%  bu.L,  Oats  40  to  60, 
average  r<l  bu. ;  Peas  29  to  35,  average 
9i}i  bu. ;  Potatoes  average  220  bu.; 
Turnips  0U2  bu. 

Though  these  reports  may  all  be 
true,  I  am  aatiatled  that  on  wheat  at 
least,  they  are  too  hl^h  fcr  a  full  aver- 
age of  the  Province,  for  they  had  vary 
bad  weather  for  their  wheat  harvest, 
and  from  a  general  inquiry  made  per- 
sonaliy,  1  judge  20  l  ushels  as  nearer  a 
Provircial  wheat  average,  though  I 
have  nothing  tending  to  reduce  the 
average  of  the  other  grains  and  deem 
that  they  may  Ih.  correct,  as  they  ma- 
ture rather  earlier  than  wheat.  The 
rest  average  I  predict  rather  under 
than  over  the  usual  yield.  Aside  from 
the  above  enumerations,  individual 
cases  are  not  rare  in  this  same  Fection 
of  wheat  yielding  «<0  bushels  irom  one 
bushel  of  seed ;  100  bushels  of  oats  to 
the  ;>cre  have  also  been  raised,  and 
barl^  as  high  as  60  bushels,  weighing 
from  50  to  55  pounds  to  the  busheL 
This  I  am  ready  to  believe,  for  all  of 
these  grains  are  of  great  weight.  Po- 
tatoes have  yielded  as  high  as  600 
bushels  to  the  acre  and!  oi  a  quality 
unsurpassed,  as  are  all  the  root  crops. 
Turn.ips  liave  yielded  as  high  as  IWO 
bushels  per  acre,  ijOo;to  700  being  quite 
common.  Oom  does  very  well  nere 
though  not  made  much  of  a  crop. 
FlaA  and  hemp  do  well  here,  but  there 
being  as  yet  no  market,  eltherl  for 
home  use  or  exp(.t,  owing  to  present 
high  freights,  but  little  is  raised. 

TAME  QBA88BS 

do  splendidly,  particularly  timothy 
and  herdsgrass,  though  the  native 
grass  is  good  enough,  either  for  feed- 
ing or  lawn  purposes.  In  fact  the 
light  autumn  rains  do  not  soak  outthe 
nutritive  properties  of  the  native 
...  griMs,  and  in  winter  tha  cattle  will 

^jij  turn  from  the   hay  ricks  to  eat  the 

naturally  ripened  grass  underneath 
the  light  snow-falls  of  this  section. 
Cabbages  grow  to  an  enormous  size 
and  mature  quickly,  so  do  cauli- 
flower and  celery;  the  latter  being 
large,  whiteand  fine-flavored.  Cucum- 
bers, onions  and  rhubarb  attain  great 
perfection  and  ii»!d.  Lettuce  grows 
withacrlspness  mrpassed.  Melons 
and  tomatoes  dc  ell,  particularly  the 
latter.  Wild  b.  ;  grow  in  profusion 
about  the  lakr  ^nd  streams,  are  in 
general  use  ai.  ug  the  settlers  and 
havs*  also  been  successfully  used  by 
the  local  brewers.  But  of  the  products 
of  the  soil 

WHEAT  IS  KINO. 

The  amount  raised  In  the  Province 
last  year  was  about  1,100,000  bushels, 
of  a  general  average  of  63  pounds  to 
the  bushel,  while  large  Selds  were 
raised  in  which  the  average  weight 
was  even  more  than  this.  One  field 
had  a  straight  average  of  68  pounds  to 
the  bushel  and  another  9eld  of  2,000 
bushels  averaged  60  pounds,  producing 


R.  QBRRIfi  &  CO.'S  STORE.     Seepage  27. 


46  and  42j[  pounds  of  flour  to  the  bushel. 
The  wheat,  bushel  for  bushel.produces 
a  much  larger  per  cent  of  middlings 
or  "patent  process"  than  the  wheat  of 
Minnesota.  This  is  the  peculiar  rrop- 
erty  of  the  Minnesota  spring  wheat, 
which  has  already  given  the  flour  of 
that  State  the  supremacy  in  the  eastern 
t;;tatf-a  and  on  the  London  murket, 
making  it  in  that  city  in  price  the  peer 
of  the  flour  of  any  country  or  mills 
that  are  brought  to  that  great 

CENTBAL  MARKET  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Large  as  was  the  amount  produced 
last  year,  considering  the  agricultural 
age  and  high  priced  export  facil- 
ities, save  to  tne  surrounding  and 
newer  portions  west,  it  is  enough  to 
supply  the  home  demand,  a.^  well 
as  considerable  for  seed  and  ship- 
ment; but  the  increased  acre- 
age and  present  flue  prospects  go 
to  show  a  large  increase  over  last  years 
products.  The  same  may  be  said  cf 
other  crops.  Though  only  a  few  small 
shipments  of  wheat  and  flour  have  yet 
been  made  to  the  Can^ian  markets 
from  Manitoba,  still  they  have  been 
siiflicient  to  give  established  quota- 
tions over  the  wheat  from  any  other 
section  and  they  will  readily  take  any 
surplus  this  Province  may  have  in  the 
coming  years.  Though  it  is  seeming- 
ly cut  off  from  the  markets  of  the 
States,  by  the  fociish  tariff  put  on  by 
the  United  States  of  20  cents  per  bu., 
gold,  still  its  great  weight  and  superi- 
ority have  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  wheat 
dealers  to  "grade  up"  the  poorer  wheat 


of  more  Sonthern  localities  that  comes 
to  those  cities  for  a  market.  So  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  as  the  proper  rail- 
way and  other  sbipcing  faciluies  are 
opened  (for  Manitoba  is  uearer  lake 
navigation  at  Buluth  than  Kansas  is 
to  Chicago)  the  wheat  of  Manitoba  will 
go  largely  to  those  markets  in  the 
States,  even  though  this  high  and  un- 
just tariff  is  rot  done  away  with. 

It  would  seem  that 

But,  while  according  so  much  space 
to  wheat,  enough  has  been  given  to 
show  tbat 

MIXED  FARMING 

is  fully  remunerative, that  all  kinds  of 
cereals  are  sure,  woile  vegetables 
yield  almost  fabulously  and  of  iJESur- 
pasbed  excellecce.  Data  enough  have 
been  given  and  are  easily  attainable  to 
show  that  one  need  not  fear  to  plant 
in  this  generous  soil  any  cereal  or  veg- 
etable urop,  as  the  general  iuccess  is 
undoubtea.  There  is  nc  section  where 
grains  of  all  kinds  yield  so  bountiful- 
ly, and  the  crc  ps,  year  after  year,  so 
uniformly  full.    Herein  lies  the  great 

BXCRET  OF   8DC0E88FUL  BUSBANDBT. 

Profitable  amounts  raised  every  year. 
The  crop  products  heretofore  spcKen 
of  have  oeen  these  raised  in  Manitoba, 
but  this  fact  wants  to  be  borne  in 
mind:  that  the  further  westward  you 
go  up  the  valley  of  the  Saskatehewan, 
the  earlier  are  the  springs  and  longer 
the  seasons.  Settlements  that  have 
already  gone  in  that  section  sustain 
this  assertion,  while  tho  productive- 


(Ul 


in 


tbat  comes 
So  there 
)roper  rall- 
ciliiies  aie 
earer  lake 
Kansas  is 
nltoba  will 
^ets  in  the 
zb  and  un- 
with. 

auch  space 
given  to 


111  kinds  of 
vegetables 
of  ansur- 
ough  have 
tainableto 
to  plant 
eal  or  teg- 
iuocesa  i» 
tlon  where 
bountifol- 
er  year,  so 
s  the  great 

7SBANDRT. 

every  year, 
ire  spcKen 
Maiutoba, 
borne  In 
^ward  you 
atchewan, 
and  longer 
that  have 
)n  sustain 
rodtctive- 


oess  of  the  noil  there  is  unqnMtioned. 
It  Is  a  question  If 

BTOOK  RAISING 

\t  not  as  legltlruate  a  fikrmtng  crop  as 
oerealsard  notanpttcial  branch  as  many 
Mjm  to  think.  It  iH  the  uniform  rnoord 
of  all  the  graHi  hopi>er  ittriokep  ^ectlon^ 
ia  thv)  newer  paru  of  the  wi<*t  that 
those  f  umers  who  were  [MMwemed  of  a 
few  lead  of  oows,  swine,  etc  ,  escaped 
mnoh  of  the  privation,  iiardAlitp  and 
destitution  that  was  ttic  jmrtlon  of  their 
neighbors,  who  tiad  co>iflne<l  their  la- 
bors to  the  raining  of  crops  only.  In 
ftMJtitlsa  question  whether  in  a  few 
yebrs  It  will  not  be  proved  that  the 

BSAL    WEALTH 

of  w  I  at  are  now  the  front  er  bettle- 
ment^  In  the  States,  has  not  been  in- 
creased and  made  more  piTinutent  by 
and  through  the  visitatlou  of  this 
scourge  ana  the  Ibshouh  ttmt  have  t)e<jn 
taught,  dhowing  conclusively  to  the 
mttlers,  the  great  lack  of  practical  wis- 
dom in  placing  their  whole  dependence 
upon  any  one  kind  of  producti.  It  is 
the  well  known  oommcu  ermr  of  most 
pioneers,  and  for  that  matter  of  oMer 
settlers,  too,  to  make  wheat  their  main 
stay,  wn en  It  is  espesially  sensitive  to 
any  of  the  many  dangers  of  climate, 
bvasons,  etc.,  that  are  around  the  nath 
of  new  comera  in  evei-y  section.  While 
in  this  climate  and  Province,  and  away 
through  the  great  Northwest  l)eyond 
here, 

STOCK  RAISING  IB  A    CERTAINTY. 

Tiaere  is  ona  fact  about  one  of  the  most 
8ea8itive,delioate  domestic  auiniuU  the 
farmer  gathers    a^out  him,  viz,  the 
sheep.    It  is  now  over  40  years  since 
sheep  were  first  brought  to  the  Red 
River,  and  as  yet  no  case  of  disease  at- 
tacking them,  has  ever  been  koown. 
whUe  their  wool  is  of  a  very  (inequali- 
ty, yielding  from  six  to  eight  pound  I 
fleeces  A'om  weathers  and  trom  two  to  | 
tluree  and  one  half  pounds  from  ewes. 
Swine  present  the  same   recor^^.  of  J 
healthrulness  here.     While  tlie  report 
of  the  H:,ati8ticiaa  of  the  United  States  i 
Department  of  Agriculture,  in  Wash- ! 
ington,   made  <  he  29th  of  May   1877,  j 
Bhowa  that  losses  of  swine  by  disease  in  i 
theU.  8.  durir:  the  previous  12  months,  | 
were  4,000,000  of   all  ages,  and  of  a  i 
money  value  of  more  thau  |20,000.000, 
the  same  being  equivalent  to  one  'hird 
of  the  sum  of  the  exporti^  of  pork  pro- 
ducts of  that  yeir,  and  I  do  not  know 
that  it  was  an  uausually  sickly  year 
among  them  either. 

THE  NATIVB  CATTLE 
one  sees  here,  particularly  the  beef  cat- 
tle are  very  fine  and  large,  the  Steers 
i^tilng  a  full  half  larger  than  those  of: 
Texas  and  fully  up  to  the  size  of  those  j 
in  the  older  States  and  Provinces.  Th-jy  i 
are  very  hardy  and  are  used  generally  > 
on  the  road,  instead  of  horses,  in  draw- 1 
ing  th9  trains  that  g  >  out  all  through  i 
the  great   Seskatchewan    and    Peace 
River  disvrict,  I'HK)  to  1500  miles. 

They  are  iruch  quicker  walkers 
than  ho'ses,  and  their  feet  being 
larger,  |they  are  less  liable  'to 
mire  in  crossing  streams  and 
sloughs.  They  require  lees  care  and 
have  more  strength;  easily  drawing 
loads  of  1000  pounds  each,  day  after 
day.  They  artf  never  yoked  together, 
but  each  harnessed  bIuzIv,  draw  the 
li^ht  Red  River  carts  wnfch  are  made 
without  a  particle  of  iron.  When  used 
by  the  farmers  for  agricultural  purposes 
they  are  sometimes  yoke<l  together,  but 
the  great  mass  of  Ihem  are  used  for 
travelling,  which  they  do  with  no  feed 
bat  the  wild  grass.    During  their  whole 


llvM  they  do  not  know  the  tASte  of  an^ 
kind  of  grain,  while  in  Winter  they  are 
■eldoia  sheltered  or  fed  except  when 
there  are  extra  heavy  snowfalls.though 

{ they  do  thei  require  more  or  less  feed- 

I  Ing  and  some  shelter. 

THE  HORSES 

'  tbat  know  the  Inside  of  a  stabV  during 
wlnt«T  except  in  the  larger  settlements, 
•ire  very  few,  in  fact  It  la  so  near  the 
custom,  that  It  is  but  the  truth  to  say 
that  they  are  never  fed  the  winter 
through,  but  stable  and  IwarJ  them- 
selves. 

They  are  not  as  one  would  natur,«lly 
suppose  "little  rats  of  things,"  like  thoH« 
of  New  Mexico,  and  the  HouthweHt  gen- 
erally, but  good  ftir  Hixed  horHes.  I 
have  seen  thsm  coming  into  Winnipeg 
iu  Trader's  Trains  that  have  been  con- 
tinually on  the  road  for  72  days,  yet 
have  never  seen  a  rtr^ily  poor  horse 
among  them.  They  too,  like  the  ox 
have  no  fee<l  but  the  wild  grass  :  no 
grain  in  any  form  being  fe<l  them.  Toe 
iiorties  and  cattle  of  this  section  are 

NOT  A  MONORKL  BAOB 

as  it  would  seem  natural  from  their  lo- 


cation they  would  be,  for  mare  than  i  water  coune, 


theatj  ooming  years.  It  should  be  found 
that  in  « 

BILIOIHI  AMD  FTILMONARV  •ODTH 
this  a)ught-for  Eden  of  man,  sh'^uld 
be  found,  why  then  yon  might  l)e  right, 
but  in  the  meantime,  while  this  grand 
human  exi>erimei:t  Is  oeliig  Irletl,  It 
would  seem  t^t  tte  wisest  for  the  present 
at  least,  to  '^\  tb%'.  a  section  where 
a^je,  consumption,  and  nioHt  of  the 
great  human  deytroylng  fevcrH  are  un- 
known, will  do  very  well  -i  come  to. 
bringing  your  families,  stock,  or  ir 
empty  handetl,  your  hot>es  and  energy 
ancfhere,  if  one  cannot  in  the  mean- 
time latisty  himself  by  his  own  Judg- 
ment, patiently  wait  the  ivsues  others 
may  make  In  tiie  Southern  latitudes. 

SETTLEMENT 

came  into  the  Province  slowlyr  aa 
»forea«ld,  until  1872.  Since  ihen  it  has 
every  year  been  InoreMlng.  Tlie  llrst 
settlers  tieine  French  Canadians, 
brought  with  tn«>m  from  Lower  Cana- 
da, uieir  peculiai  form,  of  dividing 
land  In  laying  out  their  settlements, 
which  they  always  made  along  some 


fifty  years  ago  stallions  of  the  best  blood 
'  then  known  in  England  were  importe^i 
1  here,  by  the  way  of  liudHoa  Bay,  Nel- 
son River,  and  Lake  Winnipeg,  at  a 
cost  and  expense  of  as  higli  as  810,000. 
Fine  Durham  Hulls  were  also  brought 
I  the  same  way.  and  never  since  tlien  hatt 
the  Province  ioeen  without  Sires  of  the 
I  beat  beef  and  hoise  blood  obtainable 
\  any  where. 

I  saw  only  five  miles  from  Winni- 
j  peg  at   Silver  Heights  on  the  stock 
{ wva.   of     the   Hon.   James  McKay, 
I  a  herd  of    140  Qeldings,  mares  and 
;  cjlts,  sired    by    as   flae    and    clear, 
straight    blooded  stallions  as  can  be 
founo  In  the  whole  Mississippi  val- 
ley, from  Its  source  to  the  sea,  that  nev- 
er yet  In  winter  have  seen  the  Inside  of 
a  stable  or  received  a  measure  or  fork- 
full  of  feed.    The  same  U  the  case  -\t 
all  the  trading  posts  and  smaller  set- 
tlements from  Winnipeg  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  up  in  the  great  and 
magnificent  valleys  of  the  Athabasca 
and  Peace  rivers   extending   to   the 
Northwest,  up  to  and  beyond  latitude 
68  north  and  longitude  120  wost  from 
Greenwich. 

GREAT  HUMAN  EX- 
PERIMENT. 

How  do  these  fscts  tally  with  the 
universally  claimed  assertion  of  those 
kind  hearted,  well  posted  ones  who  say 
If  you  want  to  raise  stock  you  must  go 
south ;  but  not  to  this  section  ?  They 
will  so  patronizingly  laugh  at  any  one 
who  diners  with  them  and  say,  why 
my  dear  sir,  the  trouble  is,  you  will 
have  to  feed  them  so  long  in  winter 
that  they  will  eat  their  heads  off. 
Well,  gentlemen,  I  do  not  heeitate  to 
predict,  that  when  in  after  years,  this 
great  Northwest  becomes  better  known 
to  you,  you  will  find  that  this  will  then 
be  generaUy  admitted,  as  a  fundamen- 
tal law  of  animal  nature,  that  where 
man  thrives  in  the  greatest  vigor  and 
reaches  the  highest  pnysloal  and  men- 
tal excellence,  there  will  the  animals 
created  by  an  All  Wise  Creator,  for 
man's  use  and  assistance,  reach  their 
greatest  natural    perfection.*      If,  in 

>It  U  well  known  tbat  »  few  years  since,  so 
[(tetx  was  the  low  and  wide  spread  tbe  disease 
(Dtroducf  d  In  the  Western  and  Northern  Otates 
by  the  passage  tbrough  them  of  Texas  cattle 
that  by  many  of  their  State  legislatures  lans 
wirs  passed  prohibiting  the  transportation 
thmuKli  those  States  of  eattle  from  Texas,  except 
under  verj'  stringent  regulations,    Ohio  was  one 


The  water  frontatre  waa  divided  in- 
to BO  many  hundreds  of  feet  to  each 
family,  but  running  back  two  miles 
making  a  speeiQo  title  of  two  miles 
back  and  a  claim  or  privilege  of  two 
miles  more  er  a  continuous  debth]  of 
four  miles.    Such  was  the  form  of 

LAND   TITLES 

in  this  Province  at  the  time  of  the 
organization  of  the  Dominion  Land 
Department  for  the  Province  in  1878. 
There  were  Parish  <  iranizatlons  ex- 
ten*' in^  most  of  tht^  way  along  the 
Hed  river  from  the  Stutes,  nearly  to 
Its  mouth,  some  75  miles  and  about 
the  same  distance  up  the  Assinne- 
bolne.  Those  on  the  Red  River  going 
down  from  the  south,  north  were  St. 
Agathe.  St.  Norbet,  St.  Vital,  St.  Boni- 
face; east  and  weet  Winripeg,  St 
.John,  Kildonan,  St.  Paul,  St.  Andrew; 
south  and  north  St.  Clements  and  St. 
Peter.  Those  on  the  As:iinneboine, 
going  from  the  east,  west  being  St. 
Jaaes,  St.  Charles,  Headingly,  St. 
Francois  Xavler,  Bale  St.  Paul,  Poplar 
Point,  High  Bluff,  and  Portage  La 
Prairie.  From  Winnipeg  down  the 
river  nearly  through  the  Parish  of  St. 
Peter  some  26  miles  it  was  quite 
thickly  settled,  while  up  the  river  set- 
tlements we.e  more  scattered.  Up 
the  Asslnneboine  -hey  are  now  almost 
continuous. 

At  the  same  time  that  these  old  setp 
tlement  claims  were  allowed,  there 
were  reservations  amounting  to  1,400,- 
000  acres  set  apart  to  extinguish  half 
breed  claims  of  various  kinds.  By 
some,  the  setting  apart  of  somaon 
land£i;r 

THE  HALF-BREED  GRANTS 

is  ocDsidered  a  drawback  to  the  Pro- 
vince as  tliey  were  choice  lands  and  in 
the  central  part  of  the  Province.  I  do 
not  think  so;  rather  the  reverse,  aa 
but  few  of  them  retain  the  lands  so 
given,  but  sell  them  at  mere  nominal 
figures,  as  fast  aa  the  various  allot- 
ments are  made  personally  to  them, 
as  thuir  right  or  title  to  their  portion 
of  the  reservation  are  passed  upon  by 
the  government.  In  1876  the  allot- 
ments begun  to  be  made.  As  they 
have  continued  to  be  made  every 
month  or  two,  it  is  found  that 
neariy  all  sell   them.     In  very  rare 

o(  the  states  paaslnR  this  cattle  law.  Inisnshe 
soflered  a  lo«  of  thousands  of  dollars  by  disease, 
wSloh  they  were  unable  tosurpress.lntroduoedDT 
a  dro'/e  of  Texas  cattle,  whlon  In  transit  tbrouga 
that  State  were  allowed  or  took  privileges  not 
permitted  by  law. 


u. 

■ome  on«  reUini  bU  drawtiDgi. 
Oenerally  they  nut  onlv  Mil  th«>m  «t 
oncfl  bat  offer  thme  of  their  clilldren, 
or  minor  olalma  u  they  are  callrd. 
Th^we  olatmt  have  been  and  are  now  • 
f»Torlte  form  of  inveatment  and  tpw)* 
ulatlon,  aa  the  prloea  at.  which  they  «n 
Mold  make  the  lind  ooat  mud.  Icuptr 
acre  not  only  than  the  Dominion  bill  | 
of  one  dollar,  but  also  below  thato' 
railroad  lands  in  the  United  .^3t«taa 
which  have  been  purchased  In  such 
large  blocks  by  means  t>f  their  depr«- 
cla^^  bonds  which  the  railroadn  tak«< 
In  payment  for  their  lands.  There  Ib 
a  great  deal  of  money  being  mad«ln 
these  half-breed  claims. 

TtlK  IMDU0KMBNT8 

whicli  the  Dominion  government 
offers  to  settlers  coming  In  colonies, 
are  very  much  more  Iil>era1  than  can 
be  made  by  the  United  .States  govern- 
ment, as  the  Stutes  have  but  one  price 
•1.2fi  if  not  within  a  railroad  grant, 
and  S2,5U  per  acre  if  within  a  grant. 
The  extra  inducements  offered  by  the 
Djminion  government  have  been  im- 
proved by 

THE  MBNNONITRS 

(German  Quakers  from  Southern  Ro>- 
sia)  who  took  a  grant  of  eight  i/wn- 
sbipa  on  the  easi  of  thd  Red  Uiverbe- 
elninr  some  18  miles  from  the  south 
line  of  the  province.  This  Is  known 
u  the  Hat  River  settlement.  They 
have  also  taken  another  grant  of  11 
townithips  on  the  west  side  of  the  Red 
Blver,  seven  of  the  townships  being 
directly  on  the  south  boundary  line. 
Some  8,000  of  these  peaceable,  thrifty 
working  people  have  already  reached 
this  province  and  are  settled  in  their 
own  homes.  They  are  all  workers, 
men.women  and  children;  no  drones 
among  them.  Being  of  these  thrifty 
working  habits  it  is  but  natural  that 
they  succeed.  They  are  the  most  de- 
sirable foreigners  that  have  come  to 
this  country  in  years.  Most  of  them 
have  more  or  less  money  and  some  are 
quite  wealthy.  In  1875  a  delegation 
visited  this  province 

FROM  ICELAND 

and  made  selections  by  special  ar- 
rangement with  the  Dominion  govern- 
ment, of  several  townships  on  the 
west  side  of  Lake  Winnipeg.  In 
1876  some  1,500  of  them  came  out  to 
Manitoba,  and  now  in  their  own 
homtiB  are  thriving  as  they  never  did 
in  their  native  island. 

THE  n.  B.  COMPANY, 

aooording  to  the  terms  of  their  sale 
are  allowed  two  sections  of  040  acres 
each,  in  every  township.  A  township 
consists  of  36  sections  or  a  tract  of 
'and  six  miies  Fquare;  the  plans  of 
land   surveys   in    Manitoba   and  ttb« 


m 

west  are  extinguished  by  the  rtaerve 
made  in  Manitoba. 

TRB   HALr-BlinDa. 

A  few  kind  words  are  due  the  Half 
Brecdii,  of  which  there  are  many  thou- 
sands scattered  through  this  svti 

the  large  portion  of  course  lielng  in 
this    I'rovince.      They    are  as  a  class 
very  peaceable  and  reliable.    Many  of 
them  are  well  educated  and  'told  high 
positions.       Thev    are     proverbially 
trusty,    lifanv  of  their  daughters  arr 
well    married    to   gentlemen  in  good 
business  and  ofllcial  places.    Home  ere 
of  great  beauty,  and  in  their  marriage 
relations  are  contiull*'d  by  as  tlnesense 
of  duty  as  their  whi^e  sisters  of  the 
same  Mocial   position,  to  say  the  least. 
There    seem    to    be    two    kinds    of 
half     breeds,     one     inheriting     the 
roving   disposition   of   their    Indian 
mother,  the  other  more  naturally  fol- 
lowing the  civilized  instincts  of  their 
fathers;  the  former  beconr. lug  hunters, 
voyagers,  etc,   the   latter    preterr.ng 
the  more  settl<«i  ways  or  civilijation. 
It  Is  very  seldom  that  they  are  cruel 
and  harsh,  though  they   may  be  im- 
provident.   On  the  contrary  they  are 
all  of  them  usually  very  mild  man- 
nered.   There  is  no  reason  to  do;ibt 
but  that  the  success  of  the  llritish  and 
Canadian  Government  in  their  Indian 
management,  both  in  the  old  as  well 
as  the  new    Irovinces.  Is  due  to  the 
friendly  offices  aud  influence  of  these 
half-breeds,  for  almost  to  a  man,  when 
It  o jmes  down  to  a  choice  between  In- 
dian or  Whites,  thev  are  for  the  whites 
every  time.      The  United  States  has 
never  in  its  Indian  management  had 
the  friendly    influence  of   this  large 
favorable  intermediate  class,  speaking 
both  the  Indian  and  civilized  langu- 
ages, but  it  has  had  to  meet  and  treat 
with  the  Indians  through  agents,  who 
were  neither  familiar  with  their  lan- 
guage or  habits,  hence  their  disadvan- 
tage and  consequent  trouble  in  com- 
parison with  the  English  Government 
and   Canada.     I  am  not  prepared  to 
admit  that  the  Government  of   *ha 
United  States  as  a  government,    laa 
been  a  whit  behind  the  British  in  lib- 
erality or  good  faith  to  the  Indians, 
but  I  do  admit,  that  as  a  Government 
it  has  been,  as   Tvell  us  the  Indian, 
swindled  outrageously,  by  the  forced 
employment  of  agents,  who  were  true 
to  neither  party  or  interest ;  false  to 
the  ludian  oecause  of  ignorance,  and 
to  the  Government,  because  of  such 
generftl  Ignorance  they  had  a  chance, 
and  farther  because  they  intended  to 
be  unfaithful  to  begin  with.     Useful 
as  theee  half  breeds  have  been  to  civi- 
lization in  the  past  and  present,  they 
have  still  a  future  mission,  which  they 
will  fulfill '•qually  as  well,  and  that  is 


Northwest  being  the  same  as  thVpab:   ^?  tnmlnmoTvkXi'^ImL^o^^^^^^ 
lie  lands  in  the  United  States.    Besides !  jfiryalfe^s^^nhe*  M"uS„"%'nd 


:i 


the 
down  the  sunny  western  slopas  to  the 
Pacific.  A  knowledge  of  the  existence 
of  such  a  trusty  vanguard,  gives  me 
faith  to  believe  that  this  march  will 
rfo  steadilv  and  continuously  forward, 
free  from  the  great  retarding  influence 
the  States  have  h3re  had  to  meet  in 
carrying  westward  the 


STAR  OF  CIVILIZED   EMPIRE. 


the  two  sections  to  the  II.  B.  Company, 
two  sections  are  set  apart  in  each 
township  for  public  school  purposes, 
the  same  as  in  the  United  States. 
These  are  all 

THE  OREAT   Rl^SKRVES 

set  apart  in  the  province  of  Manitoba 
that  jaany,  unfavorably  disposed,  nse 
as  arguments  against  the  chance  of 

Setting  good  lands  there.  Outside  of 
lanitoba  there  are  none  of  these  re-  But  to  return  to  the  settlement 
serves,  except  tbe  H,  B,  Company's  question,  besides  these  old  settlements 
and  the  school  lands,  or  such  as  may  i  that  were  in  existence  in  '78,  there 
hereafter,  by  special  arrangement  i  have  beep  others  made  in  the  province 
with  the  government,  De  net  apaix  to  :  Hiuce,  such  as  Sunuy  Side,  Springfield, 
settling  communities.  So  that  the  \  Grassmere,  Emerson,  etc.,  etc. 
argument  often  mad.j  that  the  best '  Other  jdaces  in  the  Province  lay 
lands  in  this  section  are  locked  uplu  i  claim  to  diHtinction  as  beingr  first  a 
reserves,  falls  to  the  ground.  All  the  I  central  point,  the  location  of  mills,  etc., 
half  breed  claims  In  the  entire  fTirth- '  and  almost  before  one  can  realize  It, 


town*  of  oonelderable  Impottanos.    Of 
ttilsolaaa  tr^y  \m  nienlloued 

PORTAGE  LA  PRAIRIB. 

This  town,  the  lesldeuoeof  Joaeph 
Hyan,  Kmj.,  M.  P.,  who  la  m  w  aervla/ 
his  MKMuiu  term  in  the  Domlulou  Par- 
liament at  Ottawa,  Is  HituaiMl  alniut  76 
mile)  west  of  Winnl|)eg  In  a  mtist  mag 
niflceiit(!4>untry.  Itlsonthe  ABstupboln 
Hive>  <»nd  la  the  bead  of  the  preeent 
Hyat«-in  of  navigation  on  that  river.  It 
Is  cunnectrd  by  it  regular  line  of  boaU 
wltli  Winnipeg.  By  a  small  outlay 
navigation  cuuld  be  ao  Impr.tved  that 
boats  could  run  several  huiid.Ml  nall'.a 
of  river  dlMtance  beyond  the  Portjtge. 
The  great  highway  U)  the  Norlhwwt 
Territory  runs  through  this  place.  It 
win  undoubtedly  l>n«ome  the  capital 
or  shire  town  of  the  oountv  of  the  came 
name,  a<i  it  la  already  the  leading  town 
In  the  county,  as  is  liiso 

GLADSTONE, 
situated  on  the  banks  of  the  White 
Mud  River,  18  mlUs  from  Lake  Mani- 
toba, t4>  which  It  Is  navigable.  At  this 
polut  Is  a  substantial  bridge  aoroM  li^he 
above  river,  over  which  passes  the 
gr^at  hlghwav  to  the  Sasiatohewan 
country-  and  oeyond.  Its  l<Kiatlmi  in 
the  county  of  Westbourne,  of  which  It 
Is  the  capital,  Is  central.  It  alreedy 
has  one  steam  saw  mill  aud  mat^hlne 
shop,  where  floori.i^,  siding,  lath  and 
shingles  are  mar  ufactured.  Spruce 
aud  other  timber  abounds  In  the  vicin- 
ity. Another  saw  mill,  a  short  distance 
north,  Increases  the  local  supply  of 
lumber.  Here  also  Is  a  steam  grist 
and  flouring  mill,  one  of  the  largest 
and  best  In  the  province  A  fomoer 
small  one  here  was  burned  last  sum- 
mer. Two  blacksmith's  shops,  three 
general  stores,  two  boot  and  shoe 
maker's  shopc,  one  tin  and  stove  store, 
a  wagon  and  sleigh  factory,  a  cheese 
factory,  county  hall,  hotels,  churches, 
school  houEes,  and  a  nunober  of  ne«t 
residences,  give  It  an  air  of  businesB, 
comfort  anu  growth.  It  Is  one  of  the 
great  Haskatctiewan  mail  stations,  and 
for  a  considerable  time  was  a  depot 
snd  station  of  the  Northwest  Mounted 
Police.  This  fine  body  of  military  po- 
1  oe  are  now  moved  out  of  and  to  the 
west  of  the  province,  with  stations  to 
the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A 
weekly  newspaper  is  being  started 
here.  The  railway  facilities  of  this 
place  promise  to  be  of  the  best,  it  being 
the  present  intended  terminus  of  the 
Manitoba  Western  Railway,  for  the 
construction  of  which  the  county  last 
year  (1878)  made  provi«on  for  granting 
a  bonus  of  $150,000.  This  place  Is  a 
natural  point  for  any  system  of  rail- 
ways passing  south  ot  Lake  Manitoba 
ana  east  of  the  Riding  Mountoina. 
The  original  survey  for  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  was  through  here. 
The  town  has  just  been  incorporated. 
The  energy,  enterprise,  development 
aud  spirit  of  progress  which  is  general 
through  this  county,  and  which  are 
especially  shown  in  this  new  town, 
must  make  U  not  only  a  favorite  place 
for  a  settleuent,  but  also  for  invest- 
ment. Iiots  which  sold  here  only  a 
few  years  since  at  $10  have  recently 
changed  hands  at  $100  and  upwards. 

Full  information  concerning  this 
county  and  point  nr  ay  be  bad  of  Hon. 
C.  P.  Brown,  Provincial  Secretary  of 
the  Province,  at  Winnipeg,  who  is  a 
resident  of  Gladstone,  aud  who  will 
doubtless  see  that  her  legislative  and 
other  intereets  are  not  n^lected. 
MORRI8. 

This  young,  thriving  town  is  ritu- 
ated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Red  River, 


KDM.     Of 

IIB. 

f  JoMph 

iilon  rar- 
I  about  76 
ami  mM 
Mlu)*boiD 
e  proaant 
rtver.  It 
»or  boKta 
ai  outlay 
ived  th»t 
l.«l  mH*.a 
I'ortAge. 
4orihweat 
plane.  It 
i«  capital 
rthaiame 
ding  town 


he  Whit* 
Eike  Matil- 

».  Atthla 
aoroM  the 
>iiMHe8    tba 

(MMtloU   lu 

>r  whloh  It 
It  already 
J  ma^jbine 
;,  lath  and 
<lpruoe 
I  the  vloln- 
irt  distance 
supply  of 
teata    grist 
the  largest 
A  former 
last  Bum- 
lops,  three 
and    shoe 
stove  store, 
y,  a  cheeee 
,  churches, 
berof  neat 
>f  business, 
one  of  the 
alious,  and 
as  a  depot 
jt  Mounted 
nilitary  po- 
and  to  the 
stations  to 
intains.    A 
ng   started 
168  of   this 
»t,  It  being 
inus  of  the 
»y,  for   the 
county  last 
\}i  granting 
place  is  a 
em  of  rail- 
)  Manitoba 
Mountidns. 
)  Canadian 
)ugh   here, 
oorporated. 
3velopment 
:i  is  general 
which  are 
new  town, 
rorlte  place 
for  invest- 
ere  only  a 
re  recently 
upwards, 
irning    this 
lad  of  Hon. 
ecretary  of 
I,  who  is  a 
I  who  will 
Islative  and 
acted. 

wn  is  situ- 
Red  lUver, 


n  mUea  snath  of  Wlnolprg,  rear  the 
northern  boundary  of  tne  ooiinty  of 
Provenaher.  The  town,  (xtuslating  of 
alwut  thirty  l)oua<>a.  In  built  mi  the 
high  prairie.  H<iratflhlnK  Hlver,  snan- 
ned  by  a  subitHntlal  bridge,  (lows 
through  the  towu  site,  wbtcb  hitii  l>e<>n 
laid  out  In  Townnlilits  TIo.  4  and  n, 
Jtange  1  Kast,  atN>ut  800  acres  having 
tieen  surveywl  Into  town  lots— aio 
aorea  of  which  are  the  property  of  Mr. 
Wm.  Oalle,  a  most  enerirefln  man. 
Th«r<>malnliig  lOO  acre*.  In  T.  f>,  Ih  the 
property  of  (Vdonel  Kennwly,  Itegla- 
trar,  efo.  The  principal  street,  running 
east  anc*  west  from  the  It«<i  Ilivor,  Is 
the  dividing  line  between  the  town- 
ships. The  stagf  and  telegraph  road 
from  Winnipeg  runs  through  the  ceu- 
Ue  of  the  town,  and  Is  the  main  bufil- 
DSM  street  running  north  and  south. 
The  place  has  three  (rftn»r«i  "tores,  two 
of  them  occupy iuK  »eat  l>rlok  build- 
ings, two  ai^iicultiiral  Implement  es- 
tabllshmenu,  each  having  good  grain 
warehotises  of  RtMK)  bunhelH  storage  ca- 
pacity. Carruthers  A  I'liigle  have  a 
good  saw  and  grist  mill,  whei-e  flour  Is 
sold  at  |2  2R  per  sack. 

The  Cana<la  Methoillst  Church  Is  a 
flae  edifice.  Tlie  Episcopal  Methmtlsts 
have  a  church  and  paraonage  and  i\ 
good  organ.  Both  of  these  denomina- 
Uona  l<  >  ve  reatdent  pastors.  The  Free- 
Wterl  8  have  a  resident  minister. 
Tne  latter,  as  well  as  the  Church  of 
England,  both  intend  the  erection  of 
churches  this  summer.  A  literary  so- 
ciety has  regular  weekly  meetings. 
The  Masons  and  Oud  Fellows  havt> 
each  an  organized  lo<lge.  A  sub  tan - 
tlal  brick  sch(K>l  house  accommodates 
the  children.  The  town  has  two  good 
hotels,  the  Riverside  and  Ward's.  The 
best  of  brick  day,  limestone  and  sand 
abound  here,  showing  it  to  Vte  fi-.vored 
in  its  building  material,  and  the  nuui- 
ber  of  neat  brick  dwellings  attest  Its 
oheapnees.  Itscit'sens  ardtlirilly.  In- 
dustrious, lnt«'lligeut  and  progre.ssive. 
They  are  largely  from  Ontario.  The 
country  west  of  Morris  is  a  rich  prairie, 
well  drained  by  the  Boratohing  River. 
Two  years  a^o  lees  than  a  half  dozen 
builiings  marked  this  location.  Such 
town.^  as  these  and  others  .«how  how 
ranidl/  this  new  Prairie  Province  is  de- 
veloping. 

Besides  these  settlements  in  Mani- 
toba, there  are  many  new  ones  starting 
up  at  the  Qovemment  and  H.  B.  Com- 
pany's posts,  and  other  aaturally  good 
points  along  the  Saskatchewan  and  its 
cribntaries,  as  well  as  at  interior 
points.  At  present  there  are.  Battle- 
ford,  the  new  capital  of  the  north- 
western territory,  Forts  Carlton,  Pitt, 
and  Edmonton,  also  8t.  Albert,  all  on 
the  Saskatchewan.  At  the  Latter  a 
fine  steam  saw,  flour  end  grist  mill  is 
proving  a  perfect  mine  of  wealth  to 
Its  owner. 

THH  POPULATION  OF  MANITOBA 

may  be  safely  put  down  at  85,000  to 
40,000.  No  census  having  been  taken 
for  several  years,  it  is  hard  to  say  with 
aoeuracy;  but  it  is  not  less  than  the 
first,  nor  more  than  the  second  num- 

NAVIGATION. 

The  modern  advance  of  civilization 
differs  in  many  respects  from  the  old 
in  requiring  some  avenue  of  entrance 
and  comi]D'-.ulcation  in  which  steam 
can  be  en*  ployed  as  the  advancing  and 
home  connecting  power,  in  fact,  no 
settlement  now-a^ays  becomes  a  fixed 
fact,  a  real  subduing  force,  until,  like 
the  Altar  fires  of  the  ancients,  the 
amoke  and  breath  and  the  loud  toned 
▼oic6  of  the  steam  engine  is  seen  aud 


CANADIAN  PACIFIC  R  ilLWAY  OFFICE.    See  Page  16.  ■ 


heard  by  the  pioneer,  like  the  voice  of 
the  good  angel,  the  echoes  of  the  far 
off  homeland.  Its  companionship  has 
become  a  necessity  to  toe  settler.  He 
must  see  and  feel  the  inspiring  influ- 
ence of  its  great  strong  untiring  ai'i, 
either  in  the  mill,  locomotive  or  steam- 
boat, else  his  sei  ne  of  isolation  will 
depress  him.  Energy,  enterprise  and 
rosy  hope  will  lose  their  inspiring  in- 
fluence the  very  moment  bis  simplest 
physical  necessities  are  supplied,  un- 
less he  can  receive  bis  daily  inspiration 
which  the  k"owledge  of  the  near  pres- 
ence of  tbift^reat  fiery 

ANOEL  OF  PROORB88 

gives  him.  He  must  have  it  either 
from  some  mill  in  sight  or  see  the  fly- 
ing locomotive  or  swift  gliding  steam- 
boat :n  Its  season.  In  some  way  he 
must  feel  its  presence  and  In  his  lone- 
liness have  Its  companionship  Plain, 
mcTiotonous  and  almost  stolid  as — to 
the  uninitiated— the  frontier  settlerV 
life  may  seem,  he  is  really  the  most 
imaginative  of  men.  By  bis  isolation 
from  neighbors  or  active  communities 
he  is  left  largely  to  his  cwn  thoughts, 
and  the  opportunities  which  his  very 
surroundings  give  him  suggest  im- 
provements and  give  birth  to  plans  of 
future  developments.  But  he  sees  so 
much  to  do,  so  much  that  must  be 
dtue  before  bis  <deas  can  reach  afnear 
or  even  distant  fruition  th£t  be  is  apt 
to  give  it  up  as  impossible,  if  he  did 
not  see   and  feel  that  the  untiring 


friend  of  all  his  hopes  was  near  him 
and  his.  There  is  not  a  whistle  of  a 
locomotive  or  a  steamboat  that  sounds 
across  the  prairies  or  thr?ugh  the 
forests  of  the  land,  but  that  cheers 
some  seemingly  lonely  soul  with  Its 
inspiring  sound;  telling  him  to  hurry, 
for  close  behind,  come  neighbors, 
scliools,  churches  and  markets  for  all 
he  can  produce,  which  wlUsecura  him 
independence  and  fulfillment  of  that 
desire  natural  to  the  hearts  of  all  true 
men,  v'',:  complete  self-ownersMp. 
There  is  not  a  single  click  of  the  tele- 
graph in  any  of  the  little  wayside  sta- 
tions, even  in  the  most  seemingly  out 
of  th»  way  places  that  does  not  enter 
into  and  become  a  part  of  the  pulsar 
tion  of  progress.  It  was  truly  said 
ceuturies  apo  that  man  does  not  live 
and  develop  by  bread  alone.  Of  no 
class  Is  this  more  true  than  the  Pio- 
neer. This  great  fact  was  truly  shown 
in  the  development  of  this  Province. 
For  60  years  and  more  all  the  progress 
that  had  been  made,  was  only  advanc- 
ed to  the  eemi-nomadic  or  hunting 
state,  or  at  most,  to  a  partially  pastoral 
condition.  Although  the  All-Wise 
bad  laid  out  the  great  water  courses, 
the  ready  highways  of  navigaMon,  all 
through  this  great  northwest,  it  was 
not  until  the  summer  of  1859  that  the 
civilizing  aiig6l 

EMBODIED  IN  STEAM 

first  visited  the  Province,  coming 
down  the  Red  River  from  the  Slates, 


IWJ 


In  the  ihape  of  th«  stMunhnat  "  Annon 
North uur  The  only  motive  power 
invokMi  hftretofore  t<i  atd  nimi.  w»a 
wind  nitlla.  The  englnea  and  uiachtn- 
ery  for  this  bout  were  brought  aoroaa 
the  Hlati  of  MiiineeotB  the  previous 
wtnter  from  the  Upper  MluiMlppt 
above  the  Fall*  of  St.  Anthony,  wh«re 
Mlnn«apollB  now  in.  The  luiul^nr  for 
her  hull  and  iipi>f>r  works  wan  lawed 
out  by  one  of  her  engine*  where  ihe 
wtu  built  on  the  banki  of  the  Bad 
Blver  in  MlnoMota. 


la/  paa- 1 


▲  ORBAT  BOUND  05   JOT 

filled  the  heart  of  the  settlers,  both 
half  breeds  and  whites  at  her  api>ear- 
anoa.  The  great  want  of  the  human 
heart  and  mind  was  satisiimi  and  a 
desire  filled  the  hearts  of  both  the 
civilized  white  and  the  semi-nivUlzed 
half  hrefd,  to  be  connected  with  the 
great,  proKreaslve,  civilized  world  of 
mankind,  developed  a  yearning  that 
never  wai  satisfied,  until  the  after 
years  gave  them  a  regular  communi- 
cation with  the  pulsations  of  that 
(rreater,  higher  rna  better  world  from 
which  tliHy  had  10  long  been  separated 
and  so  desired  to  know.  Although 
that  boat  continued  to  make  irregular 
trips  that  season,  she  was  acci('entally 
sunk  the  following  year.    Hteam  navl- 

Sation  on  this  river  lacked  a  connect.- 
]g  link,  at  that  time,  of  nearly  600 
milfls.  The  boat  was  never  raised  and 
repaired,  but  her  engines  and  machin- 
ery were  taken  out  and  one  of  her 
nnglnes  was  put  in  a  mill  that  Is  still 
doing  good  service  in  the  Province, 
It  was  not  until  1872  when  thiBuiissing 
link  was  supplied,  by  the  building  ci 
the  Northern  racillc  Railway  from 
Dnluth  on  Lake  Huperior,  to  the  Had 
Blver,  that  steam*  navigation  began  to 
ran  w'.th  much  regularity. 

Since  then  the  number  of  boats  has 
steadily  incit-ased  until  there  are  now, 
In  the  waters  of  the  Province  ani  its 
tributary  trade, 

A  MiBET  OF   SEVENTEEN  STBAUER8. 

They  are  the  International,  Manitoba, 
Dakota,  Silkirk,  Minneoota  and  four- 
teen i)arge8  of  1800  tons  capacity  of  the 
Kittson  or  Red  River  Transportation 
Co.,  which  will  run  from  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railway,  croasing  the  Red 
Blver  at  Fargo,  and  from  Fisher's 
Landing,  on  the  Red  Lake  River,  the 
terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  fit.  Paul  & 
Pacific  railway,  on  that  river,  down 
the  Red  to  Manitoba.  The  steamer 
■'Grandin,"  an  Independant  boat,  own- 
ed by  the  Qreat  Qrandin  Farm,  ou  the 
Rod  River,  80  milee  below  or  north  of 
Fargo.  The  above  are  American  boats 
—and  the  "Alpha"  and  "Cheyenne,"' 
of  the  Winnipeg  and  Western  Trane- 
portatlon;co.,running  in  t'ae  Aiwineboln 
and  lower  Red  River,,  together  with 
the  Swallow,  Prince  Riipert,  Keewatin, 
Ellen  and  a  new  l)oat  Just  building, 
which  will  also  run  in  the  lower  Bed. 
These  are  Canadian  lioata,  whll<)  a  boat 
ia  nearly  finished  to  rau  on  Ls^e  Man- 
itola. 

F»OPSI.IX)B  "OOLVILLB," 

that  runs  up  Lake  V/innlpeg  to  their 
various  posts  and  fornis  a  connection  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Sfiekatchewan  with 
their  two  river  steamers,  the  Northcote 
and  Lilly,  the  latter  a  steel  hull.  These 
twoboata  are  the  l)ef;iniiingof  a  regular 
line  up  ihe  latter  river.  Beside  the 
above  named  boats  two  other  boats 
have  l)een  built,  one  for  ihe  Red  River 
called  the  "Mi^g!<> "  now  used  ss  s, 
barge  and  the  "Chi.  Commissioner," 
for  the  lake  trade;  the  latter's  m-Klel 
being  defective,  fthe  is  now  doing  duty 
aa  a  river  wharf  boat.  Bo  that  in  au 
there  are  ""nd  ha  ve  been  some  19  steam- 


em  In  theee  waters.  The  regular  pa*- 
aeuger  steameni  of  the  tl^we  linen  are 
ni<><l«l«i  of  LtfaiUy,  H\w*ni  and  oonifort. 
with  otnuem  wtio  are  geutl«ni«<ii  aa  well 
a«  thorough  and  •zperlenced  boat- 
men. 

The  Red  River  has  000  mUea  of  con- 
tinuous   navigation,    though  by   land 
direct,  such   iK^ing  the  tortuous  coiirae 
ot    that   strpam,  the    terminal  points  1 
(Miuld    Ij«   niK«le  in    aiNHit   .'iOO    mile*,  i 
H«hI'I««  ther«  are  Home  75  milee  navl- 1 
gatlon  the  season  througa  up  tlie  Red 
Laku  River.     I^low  tlie  Junotion  of 
these  two  streams  tliere  are  no  oltstruo- 
ttons  to  the    navigation    of   the    lie*! 
lllver,  except  at  extremely  low  water, 
there    lieing  one  or  two    troublesome 
placee  aliove  Winnipeg  and  two  iielow. 
Tliewi  placee  lieiiig  all  in  the  Pmvince 
and    easily    remeuitHl,    they    will    no 
doubt  B<M)n   receive  the  attention  of  the 
Dominion   Government.    On  the  Red 
River  alxive  the  Red   I^itke  River  are  a 
few  plattes  troublesome  at  !ow  water 
l)utaH  the  l]uit«<l  Htatee  Government 
is   already  at    work    removing    theee 
ditfloulties,  it  is  on?y  a  maiter  of  short 
time,   when  navigation    on  this  riVer 
from    the   Northern    Pacific    railway 
crossing,  down  into  the   Province   at 
any  rate,  will  be  free  from  any  obstruc- 
tion at  any  stage  of  water  ye>.  known 
in  the  river. 
Aa  said  ekiewhere  the  course  of  the 


ABSINNEBOINB 


through  the  Province  is  to  the  west, 
and  so  '>outlnuee  for  some  distance  be- 
yond iUi  borders  on  and  into  tlie  North- 
west Territory,  when  it  turuH  almost 
directly  north.  Its  entire  length  Is 
some  800  miles. 

There   could    very   easily  be  made 
some  600  mllee  of  navigation  through 
the  season  on  this  stream  with  some 
yerr  slight  improvem  jnifl.     The  most 
difldcult  place  is  30  niles  up  from  its 
juncture  with  the  Rd   River,  which 
can  IM7  eaKlly  and  cheaply  remedied,  so 
that  navigation  could   be   carried    up 
some  300  miles  of  river  distance,  as  ft 
is   now    during    the  high  or    spring 
stage  of   water.      This   Improvement 
would  greatly  benefit  the  Province,  as 
the  settlements  are  almost  continuous 
for  the  first  100  miles  from  its  mouth. 
In  its  Northwest  w)iii-He  through  the 
Province  it  makes  a  Hiiarp  bend  to  the 
North,  so  that  with  some  9  miles  of 
easy    canaling,    navigation    could    ba 
opened  by  this  River  and  Canal  tlirough 
I^keH  Manitoba  and  Winuipegoeis  to 
the  Haskatchfcwan,  above  the  Rapids 
and  so  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.    That 
this  will  be  done,  Is  only  a  question  of 
time.    About  75  miles  up  from  where 
■the  Assinueboine  turns  to  the  North, 
the   Qu'Appelle   River  enters  it ;    its 
coarse  is  mostly  westerly  and  extends 
almost  to  the  Bouth  branch  of  the  Sas- 
katchewan.     The  protect  of    uniting 
theee  two  streams  is  already  broa<;he<l 
(the  distance  betweer  them  heing  only 
a  few  miles,)  and  entirely  feasible.  The 
Qu'Appelle  must  be  fully  as  long  as 
the  Assinneboine.     Its  valley  is  one  of 
great  beautv  and  fertility,  and  quite 
well  woodeo  most  of  its  length.    It  fre- 
quently   enlarges    into    considerable 
lakes,  which  are  filled  with  the  finest 
fish,  amon|;  which  are  found  the  choice 
white  fish  in  great  numl>ers. 

At  or  very  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Saskatchewan,  are  rapids  known  as  the 
"Grand  Raplas,"  that  extend  some 
two  and  a  half  to  three  miles  with  a 
total  Ml  of  43}  feet.  These  are  not 
continuous  but  in  series  or  sect'ons, 
hence  easy  of  improvement  b  st  sys- 
tem of  looks,  which  will  doul  ess  in 
a  few  years  be  built  by  the  Canadian 


Ooverameni,  aa  the  iiimtf^h  of  naviga- 
tion ab<ivn  iht<m  In  thl*rlv«riii  Umi  con 
dderablo,  uigratgatlng  fully  2,nou  inllea. 
The  H.  H.  ('ompany  have  built  a 
railway  some  four  rollee  in  length 
arounil  these  rapids.    As  yet  the 

n.   B    <:OMI>ANY'll  HTRAMMKH 

on  the  lake  and  the  Hwikatf hewan 
carry  only  the  ottlcials  or  the  eniployMi 
of  that  <t4im|>any  and  th«lr  own  freight, 
but  I  think  I  haseard  notliiug  in  saying 
that  the  great  additional  outlay  in 
building  this  railway,  putting  on  cam, 
etc ,  is  not  simply  fiir  the  transporta- 
tion of  their  own  liuiiness,  large  aa  it 
is,  but  Is  ratlier  preliminary  to  the 

OPENINO  OF    THAT  ROIJTB 

to  general  travel  and  trans}K)rtation, 
which  cannot  f^ll  of  rapidly  growing 
to  a  trade  of  great  profit.  Tbit*  river  as 
its  name  Implies  vis:  "Rapid  Ituu- 
ning  Itlver,"  Is  not  to  be  comparfHi 
with  that  of  the  MimlsHippl  or  Red 
Rivers.  For  l)etween  the  nead  of  un- 
interrupted navigation  of  the  Missis- 
sippi at  Ht.  Paul  and  the  Oulf  of  Mexico 
—a  river  distance  of  2,200  mllue-the 
fall  is  only  800  twt,  and  of  tlie  Red  from 
the  Nortuern  Pacific  to  Wlnnl{)eg,  a 
channel  distance  o'  ROO  miles,  tlie  fiill 
is  but  170  feet ;  while  In  the  Baekatche- 
wan  from  Edmonton  to  Luke  Winni- 
peg, 1,200  miles  by  river  the  fall  is  1,788 
feel,  or  three  times  the  rapidity  of  the 
Mississippi  or  Red  "  I  ver  ourrents.  Th« 
Missouri  Rl'«*r  is  more  like  it,  hIUI  in 
the  upper  MlHsouri,  above  Bismark,  the 
pi-esent  western  terminus  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific,  the  most  rapid  point  of  that 
river  and  up  the  Yellowstone  River, 

TWENTY-SEVEN  STEAMERS 

have  been  regularly  running  this  1 


son,  so  there  *8  no  doubt  but  that  both 
branches  of  th«  Saskatchevan  trill 
soon  be  open  to  navigation  as  the  north 
or  lesser  branch  now  in  T  n»frl«oted  to 
say  that  this  ilv.i-  !.  one  stream  for 
some  4fiO  miles  fr>m  its  mouth  before 
it  divides  into  its  two  branches.  To 
give  a  better  comprehensive  idea  of  th« 
size  of  this  stream,  I  would  say  that 
taking  the  length  of  the  main  stream 
and  its  two  brunches  together  it  is  only 
some  360  miles  shorter  than  the  Nile. 
A  word  aa  to  the  steamers  on  this 

Bt  t'BB  AND  LAKE  ROUTE 

from  Winnipeg.  The  Colville  Is  a  new 
and  very  staunch  propeller,  bulii  more 
like  an  'mmense  tug  or  small  ocean 
steamer,  than  like  the  propellorB  of  th« 
treat  lake.i.  Her  usual  time  flrom 
Grand  Rapids,  at  the  Saskatchewan, 
some  50  miles  south  of  the  foot  or  out- 
let of  the  Idke  to  the  ''  lower  fort,"  some 
20  milee  below  Wlnnipe«^,  a  fiiU  276 
miles  including  all  stoppages  at  the  H. 
B  Company's  posts  ou  the  lake,  is  30 
hours.  The  "Northcote"  made  her 
first  run  this  spring  from  alx>ve  the 
Grand  Rapids  to  Fort  E<lmonton  and 
return,  with  a  ftill  careo  kioth  ways  in 
30  days,  a  full  river  distance  of  2,600 
miles.  This  I  presume  was  only  day- 
light running. 

It  was  my  good  fortune  to  be  one  of  a 
large  excursion  party  on  the  steamer 
"Manitoba,"  that  left  Winnipeg  on 
the  evening  of  the  3d  of  July,  1877  went 
down  Red  River  to  Lake  Winnipeg, 
and  returned  next  morning.  The 
Manitoba  was  the  first  pai^enger  boat 
that  ever  entered  its  waters.  I  will 
waive  saying  anything  here  of  the 
thoughts  that  filled  my  mind  daring 
the  time  so  spent.  It  was  also  my 
privilege  to  see  a  few  days  after, 

THE  FIRST  BBOATTA 

ever  held  in  the  waters  of  the  Provinoe. 
The  starting  and  "^luuing  stakes  were 


: 


in  t(Mi  con- 
,noo  rntlna. 
B  built  ft 
In  length 
th« 

MKHR 
(HtrhvWM) 

I  )>ni|.liiyeH 
vu  freigtit, 
;  In  Mylng 
outlMy    In 

IK  Mil  <'•», 

raniipDrta- 
Urge  M  It 
to  lu« 

IIJT«      ■ 

Rportatlon, 
\y  Knowing 
IiIm  river  M 

Hplll    HUQ- 

)|>l  or  Ked 
i****!  »)f  un- 
Ibe  Mlaato- 
r  of  Meiloo 
nillus-the 
A  Ked  from 
Vhuil()eg.  a 
leti,  the  niU 
Huokatohe- 
ike  Wlunl- 
>  fall  l8 1,788 
itllty  of  tb« 
renta.  The 
)  It,  Htm  in 
Inmark,  the 
'  the  North- 
lolut  of  that 
le  lilver, 

lMBRS 

ug  thtfl  ■«•• 
lit  that  both 
lieyan  irlU 
EM  the  north 
"•f^'eotetl  to 

ntream  for 
outh  befbre 
nches.  To 
e  idea  of  the 

Id  say  that 
lain  stream 
ler  It  Is  only 
Lu  theNUe. 
}n  thia 

OUTE 

iUelsa  new 
',  bull!  more 
mall  ooean 
Bllors  of  the 
time  flrom 
ikat(;hewau, 
foot  or  out- 
fort,"  some 
,  a  fVill  276 
en  at  the  H. 
e  lake,  is  30 
'  made  her 
I  above  the 
montou  and 
oth  wave  in 
uce  of  2.600 
»  only  day- 

obeoneof  a 
the  steamer 
Winnipeg  on 
.y,1877  ^ent 
Winnipeg, 
ling.  The 
wenger  boat 
ers.  I  will 
lere  of  the 
uind  daring 
fus  also  my 
after, 

PTA 

le  Provinoa. 
stakes  wece 


DOMINION  CUSTOM  HOUSE  WINNIPEG. 


on  the  south  bank  of  the  .iaaiuneboine 
at  its  Junction  with  the  Red  River,  the 
alte  of  old  Fort  La  Rouge.  It  too, 
like  the  ex';unilou  was  a  success. 

Hlinultafieously  with  the  conneotion 
of  the  Province  with  the  outer  world 
by  steam,  came  also  the  connection  by 
telegraph.  Fort  Ec*,  montou  Is  now  lu 
conneotion  with  New  York,  London 
and  Paris  by  telegraph.   ' 

Thus  was  1872  made  a    ; 

RED  LETTER  YEAR 

In  the  annals  of  Manitoba.  The  gieat- 
est  practical,  and  the  subtlest  forces  lu 
human  control,  the  anulhllutors  of 
space  and  time,  came  with  many  other 
assisting  li  ^ueuces  that  year,  to  mark 
^  it  as  the  especial  one  In  which,  flill 
harnessed  in  the  train  of  hum'iin  pro- 
gress, Manitoba  and  her  dependencies 
untered  the  arena  of  progressive,  civi- 
lized life,  to  engage  henceforth  with 
the  most  favored  of  her  competitors  in 
the 

STBUOOLB  FOB  BMPIKB. 

Taking  the  present  600  miles  of 
navigation  on  the  Red  River,  the  100 
miles  on  the  lied  Lake  River,  about 
SOO  miles  at  present  utilized  on  the 
Aaslneboin,  800  miles  on  Lake  Winni- 
peg and  2,IV00  miles  on  the  Saskatche- 
wan, makes  in  one  system,  a  line  of 
some  8800  Miles  of  continuojta  navi- 
aation,  In  wtxloli,  as  before  said,  there 
Is  to-day  a  fleet  of  seventeen  steamers 
with  their  accompanying  barges. 

RED  RIVER  Ain>  LAKE 


Gee  page  17. 


DOMINION  LAND  OBFICE,  WINNIPEG. 


SUPERIOR  CANAL. 

By  means  of  easy  Improvement  in 
the  Red  Lake  River — (an  eastern  trib 
ntary,  ^in  the  States,  of  the  Red. 
which  at  Its  junction  Is  much  the 
largest  streaiu) — by  dauis  and  slack 
water,  with  an  art(fleial  oanai  of  only 
60  miles,  can  this  present  3800  miles, 
and  possibly  4800  miles,  qf  navigation 
ts  eonnfoteawith 


LAKB  ANli  miBAN  NAVIOATION 

at  Duluth,  Miun.,  on  Ijske  Huperior, 
thus  ufToruing  a  continuous  water  con- 
nection with  the  seaboard  at  Montreal, 
by  the  Welland  and  Ht.  Lawrence 
Cfanals,  and  by  the  Erie  Canal  f^om 
Buflklo,  i:.  Y.,  to  New  York  City.  The 
distance  I'rom  the  Red  River  to  Lake 
Superior  by  this  connootiiig  link  is 
about  the  same  as  the  Ene  Canal, 
while  the  lockage  will  be  lees.  That 
this  lmprov<Mi,ent  will  soon  be  made 
there  Is  no  doubt.  Arranfiencents  are 
quite  completed  to  make  ttiis  year  «> 
Practical  Eurvey,  a  preliminary  one 
having  already  been  made.  Its  con- 
struction will  be 

A  NECESSITY, 

by  the  time  It  can  be  built,  «ven  if 
construction  were  begun  at  once,  for 
the  area  of  which  it  would  be  the  out- 
let, both  In  the  States  and  Canada,  is 
immense.  By  It  wheat  can  be  taken 
fiom  any  Red  River  point  to  Duluth 
at  6  cents  per  bushel,  and  from  Duluth 
to  New  York  City  or  Montreal  at  6 
cents  per  bushd,  or  wheat  and  flour 
respectively  from  Duluth  to  Liverpool 
(England)  for  18  cents  per  bushel;  90 
cents  )er  barrel.  These  are  perfectly 
safe  estimates  for  through  rates  (as 
preeent  rates  are  very  near  It)  when 
tbe  enlargements  now  being  made,  "n 
the  Sault  St.  Mary  Canal,  connecting 
Lakes  Superior  and  Huron  and  the 
Welland  and  St.  Lawrence  River  sys- 
tems of  canals,  connecting 

THE  QBEAT  LAKES  WITH  THB  OCEAN, 

aie  finished,  as  they  soon  will  be,  even 
before  the  Red  Lake  River  Ci»nal  could 
be  built,  even  if  work  was  at  once  be- 
gun on  it.  Then,  again,  there  is  an- 
other possible  route  for  this  great  in- 
land system  of  navignUon  by  tne  River 
Nelson,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Winnipeg 
to  and 

THCOITQH  IfTTDSON'S  BAY. 

Long  as  this  article  on  Navigation  is.  I 
deem  it  of  the  greatest  importance,  ror 


experivQoe  demonstrates,  beyond  qaea- 
tlon,  that  for  long  distances,  at  least, 
rail  transportation  as  aga^'  *  water 
bears  no  comparison.  ,Wbu>r  ways, 
not  railways,  are  the 

farmer's  FRIENDS. 

Every  cent  Favtd  on  the  transpoH»> 
tlon  c'  a  bushel  of  wheat  adds  a  praO' 
tical  value  of  at  least  $2  per  acre  to  his 
land;  that  Is,  taking  the  product  of 
wheat  at  the  low  average  In  this  lati- 
tude of  20  bushels  per  acre,  each  cent 
per  bushel  saved  In  transportation  Is 
10  per  cent  interest  on  $3  per  acre. 
Take  a  saving  of  6, 10  or  16  cents  per 
bushel  over  present  or  possible  rail 
rates  for  the  same  distance  to  Lake  Su- 
perior and  see  how  pra  ctioal.real  value$ 
of  turn  lands  are  increased.  Verily, 
as  aforesaid,  for  the  farmer  great  is  a 
good  tpitem  of  navigation,  and  no  sec< 
tlon  o'equal  area 

ON  THB  OLOBB 

has  suoh  a  complete  and  thorough  sys- 
tem of  navigation  (extending  to  its 
very  remotest  limits,  and  all  harmon- 
ious in  two  systems,  almost  ev«ry  mile 
of  which  Is  through  a  garden  of  fertll* 
ity  and  a  climate  the  perfMstiou  of 
bei^thftilneBB)  as  the  Canadian  North- 
west. 

I  say  two  systems,  for  I  have  made 
no  especial  mention  of  the  great  Mac- 
kenzie River  system,  formed  of  the 
Athabasca,  Peace,  Slave  and  tne  Mac- 
kenzie Itsel/,  which  is  of  an  equalt  if 
not  a  greater,  number  of  navigable 
miles;  oeelde  there  are  other  Targe 
rivers  and  lakes. 

The  Mackenzie  having  aiv  Arctic 
outlet,  the  navigation  of  this  system 
will  doubtless  come  up  its  two  prlnci- 
pad  southeni  tributaries,  the  Athabasca 
and  Psfcce,  whr>t4e  valleys  at  no  distant 
day  will  be  connected  with  the  Winni- 
peg system  by  railways,  most  likely  t^ 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  U^ougb 
its  present  location  Is  a  little  south  of 
the  warm,  fertile  valleys  of  the  last  two 


•tr«Mi«  Uwt  it  M  »t  \tM  prub»hl«U>«t 
thia  r»llv»»y  wl;«o  o<»iif«if««i<»«l.  »••* 
froni  M»nlloU  U>  Ui«  iNioirix,  will  nniM 
tbflM  v«'  .  t*  »t  poliito  wb»ni  lli«lr  i)»v 
icatloa  will  b«  rnatf*  tributitiy,  lliun 
Wtlt  fhelwofTMt  uvigfttloii  ayttMna 
h%  unlUii. 

BJLlLWATn. 

Early  Id  D«fl«mb«r.  1878,  m*>  flrat 
nilwMy  train  orMWMHl  Uia  ■')i>Ui«m 
b  )Ui'<Urv  of  MhiiIUum.  and  »  Jiinottoii 
WM  fti'inwl  with  the  IVmblnaor  »<!Uth- 
•rn  »)Mn(h  of  the  Canwllwi  I'fctii'o 
lUMway,  nti  which  th<^  iiU>«il  raila  wer« 
alrrxly  laid  tmm  th«  main  lln«  loma 
ft)  mll^a  north  Tim  lallway  tliua  imm- 
plftlnff  the  <v>rineotlon  of  this  ltr»at 
CanH«ll»n  Northweat  with  the  entire 
rallwny  aystem  of  the  Oentlnent,  wm 

■Anrr  faui*  amd  haoimo  iuii.wat, 

which  In  the  only  onu  bnllt  to  Mani- 
toba. Thl"*  (ireat  oorp»ratloti,  now  op- 
eratlnv  574  m'lea,  with  an  additional 
100  mtiM  u'-dpr  ^lonntriKitlon,  Iim  for 


Mountalna  to  tha  Faotfi),  either  at  Bute 
or  Ilurrartl  I  a  let.    Frcm 

l.kKM  NIPIMf.«U  mAtrt, 
iHiniiMitlon  will  Imi  iua4le  by  that  Cana- 
dian (Vntral  Kail  way  (a  aulialdl«e<l 
linet  to  Ottawa,  Montreal,  eto.,  and  bv 
a  railway  ninth  from  Toronto.  Hotii 
of  thme  llniw  Hr«i  iielnH  rapldlv  built 
and  during  tbti  year  iney  will  Itotli 
donbtlflaa  rMch  tlielr  waatern  lermluua 
at  l.aiie  Nlplaalng. 

THH  IHSTANCM 

from  Lake  Nijpiaaing  liy  the  route  above 
Klveii  to  the  PattlHo  at  Hurrard  Inlet  la 
)1,60U  uiltaa,  ^.  m  uuiv  luiat,  ]i,(MJU 
milw. 

TIICMAIN  LIMR 

haa  three  branohea  or  apura ;  the  moat 
eaaterly  Iwlng  weat,  from  liake  Nlpia- 
■log  to  the  mouth  of  Krmoh  Illver 
on  liflke  Huron,  the  leoond  one 
to  ttie  watera  of  Lake  Hupe- 
rtor  at  Thunder  B^',  almoat  half 
the  dlntanoe  of  that  liake  trom 
eaat  to  wMtt  and  on  Ita  northern  ahore. 
The    third    being  alao  aouth,  by    the 


thepawtvearorw.bw^n  underlh«oon-|j,,j^-j^j    the    north    boundary    of    the 


[  I  valley  of  the  lied  lllver  on  Ita  eaaterii 

trolor<'anadl»'i  pwrtlna  aaaoolatfd  with 
Minneaota  capltallHtH  and  looal  man- 
agers, iirdwr  wh()««  mitiiagement  It  haa 
awak«np<l    to   i)«w    life.    They    have 


SnahiMl  fully  2(K)  inllca  of  tot  oooHtruo- 
on  t'  e  ptiat  year  with  gr^-at  vigor.  It 
la  420  mlica  from  the  In'ernn'lonal 
boundary  llr<e  to  8t.  Paul,  MInneaota, 
where  oonnt^otlnn  Is  made  with  the 
Chlf'agoand  Milwaukee  railways,  over 
which  dirent  oonnei^tlona  are  made 
with  all  ('anadlan  railways  at  Dntrolt. 
Among  o'  h^rs  of  the  twelve  roads  cen- 
t«rinff  at  Ht.  Paul  la  the  Ht.  Paul  and 
Dulnth  Itallway  to  I^ke  Huperior  at 
Duluth.  Olio  hiiudrfd  and  tlfty-elght 
mUea  minth  of  the  boundaiy,  at  (ilyn- 
don,  Minnesota,  It  croasea  the  North- 
e  n  Pacific.  No  better  lutasfnger  care 
■uid  ale«>p«'ra  will  bn  found  on  any  rail 
way  from  the  seaboi»rd  citlws  than 
thoae  which  the  Ht.  P.  &  P.  Rv  furn- 
iahea  Its  paaaongers.  It  Is  64  miles 
ftom  the  iKjiiudHry  line  to  Winnipeg, 
or  464  milea  from  Ht.  Paul  to  Winni- 
peg. The  through  running  timA  be- 
tween these  points  will  be  ftrom  '20  to 
24  hours.  Through  tickots  to  Winni- 
peg over  the  Ht.  P.  &  P.  can  be  ob- 
tained at  all  leading  rHllway  points  in 
Cansda  and  the  Unite<l  Stat««s. 

Boon  Manitoba  will  be  the  central 
gem  in  the  developed  Htates  or  Provln- 
oei,  that  wUl  be  strung  along  the  line 
of  the 

OANADIAK   PACIFIC  BAILWAV. 

From  information  kindly  given  me 
by  Jamee  H.  Itowan  Baq.,  the  engi- 
neer in  charge  of  the  Central  ofTlceHand 
ooDBtmctlon  in  Winnipeg,  and  from 
the  repf)rt  on  the  surveys,  etc.,  by  the 
Chief  Engineer,  Bandford  Fleming  Esq., 
to  the  Dominion  Parliament,  I  obtain 
the  following  items  of  thla 

OBKAT  BNT^KFRISE  : 

The  first  money  appropriated  by  the 
Dominion  Parliament  fur  the  sarveys 
etc.,  was  in  the  session  of  1871.  The 
eastern  terminus  of  the  line  is  fixed  at 
Lake  Nipissing,  the  source  of  French 
River,  situated  about  east  >om  th^ 
northeast  corner  of  L-.ke  Huron,  into 
which  French  River  empties.  From 
Lake  Nipisslng  west,  the  line  is  pro- 
Jecte<i  to  go  north  of  I^ke  Huperior, 
orossing  the  Red  River  at  or  near  Win- 
nipeg, pasttiug  into  and  up  the  valley 
of  the  north  brancn  of  the  Baakatobe- 
wan.paotBattleford  and  Fort  Edmon- 
ton through  the  yellow  Lead  pass  at 
Jasper  Ilouse  and  so  down  the  Booky 


United  Ht«tea,  where  it  oonneota  > 
with  the  Ht.  Paul  and  I'aolHc  Railway, 
and  by  this  Hallway,  la  the  (.'auadiun 
Paciflc  at  prew<nt  connecteil  with  the 
railway  system  of  the  iStatec.  On 
tlie  surveys  of  this  railway  over 
$ii,UO(),()(M)  have  already  bwu  expend- 
e<i.  Desiring  to  get  the  very 
l)«at  location  over  this  route,  the  sur- 
veys have  Iteeu  most  tliorough.  From 
the  time  of  the  flrat  surveys  in  1871,  to 
I)eceral)er  1878,  there  have  i)een  over 
46,(MH)  miles  of  survey  and  olNtervations 
made,  over  li.UOO  miles  being  measured 
yard  by  yard. 

THE  WIIOLB  LINE 

may  be  said  to  be  practically  located, 
though  not  offlcially  as  yet  determlneii 
on.  The  prollle  ofttie  line,  2,200  mllee 
west  from  Thunder  Bay  to  the  Paclflo, 
shows  the  greatest  summit  on  the  line 
at  Yellowhead  J'ass,  to  be  only  .S,«46 
feet  above  tlie  sea.  While  the  summit 
on  the  Union  and  ('entral  Pac^iflc  Line 
in  the  HtateH,  shows  going  west,  four 
summits  of  H,242  feet,  7,836  feet,  6  118 
feet,  and  7.017  feet,  respectively.  The 
highest  point  on  thie  Canadian  Paciflc 
Hallway  is  of  a  lower  elevation  than 
from  miy  point  on  the  U.  P.  or  C.  P. 
Railway,  from  the  North  Platte  to  a 
little  east  of  Baoramento,  California; 
with  an  average  of  only  2,200  feet  for 
the  same  distance  on  the  U.  P .  A  C.  P. 
line  in  the  Btates. 

The  1,200  miles  from  Thunder  Bay 
to  Edmonton  on  the  Baskatchewan 
are  ofllciallv  locattd.  It  is  410  miles 
from  Thunder  Bay  to  Red  River,  of 
which  distance  118  miles  at  each  end  is 
nearly  flui'^hed.  the  remaining  184 
miles  bavingjust  been  contracted  for,  to 
be  dont^  In  twoyears.  Bteel  rails  with  the 
necessary  tlflh  plates,  bolts  and  spikes 
are  alreacly  paid  for  and  delivered  at 
Thunder  Buy  and  Winnipeg,  besides  a 
confiiderable  quantity  of  tlie  same,  has 
been  delivered  on  the  Paclflo  cwast. 

THE  WORK  OF    CONSTRUCTION 

W88  begun  during  the  summer  of  1876, 
at  Thunder  Bay  and  Winnipeg,  both 
grading  and  track  laying.  The  cars 
are  running  on  the  Penil)ina  branch, 
00  miles,  there  connecting  with  the  St. 
Paul  &.  PftfMflc  ra  Iway,  and  fully  200 
milea  on  the  Red  River  and  Tuuder 
Bay  ends.  This  184  miles  embraces 
a  great  deal  of  rock  cutting  and 
bridKiug,  in  fact  it  is  the  most 
diillciilt  part  of  the  entire  line  save  por- 
tions in  the  Rocky  Mountains.     The 


oonatructlon  of  thia  rallwigr  atoo  oar- 
rtw  with,  aad  «•  a  part  of  It 

A  Liwaor  TBLiaBAru. 

whiob  it  all  under  oontraot  and  ooo- 
struetton.  from  Thunder  Bay  through 
to  Iha  Pacllb'.  Tha  wire  la  all  fur- 
nlah«d,  paid  for  and  delivered  It 
is  tliilshed  from  Tliundsr  lUy  weat  to 
Fort  Ki!montun,  and  la  now  In  opara- 
tloa. 

A  word  here  aa  to  tha  oon- 
■truction  of  the  Telegraph,  may 
give  a  better  Idea  of  what  a 
work  it  la  w^  m  it  la  known  that  a 
'jart  of  tha  oontraet  of  butldlng  tha 
Line,  la  to  cat  down  and  burn  ail  tim- 
ber, when  It  passes  through  timtMtr. 
to  the  width  of  Hit  f  et.  It  la  mainly 
a  timber  country  along  the  line  from 
Wlnnl|M>g  tJ  Thunder  Bay. 

This  Hallway  Is  ba<knd  by  a  larg* 
Land  Orant  and  a  very  liberal  Oov- 
ernment  subaidy.  Does  any  on* 
doubt,  that  in  thla  nineteenth  century, 
n  railway  ot  such  easy  gra<les, 
through  a  country  combining  either 
such  fertile  soil  or  mineral  wealth 
along  its  entire  ext««nt,  will  ever  he 
built— on  a  line  too,  iirobahly  the  moat 
l>erfectly  Burveye<l  of  any  yet  at- 
tempted; or  that  It  can  be  op  rated  at 
a  protlt,  when  the  heavy  grad  i.  great 
enow  fall  Ac.,  of  that  mccfinful  won- 
der, the  Union  and  Central  Paclflo 
Hallway  are,  and  have  been  paying 
so  largely  ? 
.  It  is  the  well  known 

mrBRIAI.    DEMAMD 

of  the  English  Government,  as  well  as 
the  entire  British  trade  policy  tu  have 
all  Its  avenues  of  commerce  either  un- 
der «*««m/Iatf,  or  where  it  can  pro- 
f.ui,  and  detenu  the  same.  The  garri- 
sons of  OlbrHlter,  Malta,  (Cyprus,  and 
many  other  points  are  held  And  main- 
tained for  commercial  purposes  as  al- 
so was  the  recent  purchase  of  the  Sues 
Canal  stock.  The  Paciflc  Rill  way  of 
Canada  gives  the  shortest  rail  and 
ocean  terminal  distances  and  lowest 
grades  of  anv  of  the  American  Paclflo 
routes  and  the  sooner  the  people  of 
the  States  make  up  their  mind  to  the 
fact  of  its  speedy  buildin;;;,  ^nroposals 
for  constructing  the  eittire  line  have 
already  been  advertised  for)  and  en- 
deavor to  build  competing  lines,  or  pat 
themselves  in  favorable  conneotion 
with  it,  the  wiser  will  they  act. 

The  construction  and  suocessftil 
operation  of  the  Union  and  Central 
Paciflc  railways  in  the  States  has  de- 
monstrated beyond  question  that  foi 
the  English  trade  with  (<hina,  Japan, 
etc.,  its  proper  route  is  by  rail  across 
this  continent.  This  is  especially  so 
when  time,  the  present  commercial 
factor  is  taken  into  consideration. 
The  Canadian  Paciflc  will  shorten 
present  distances  fully  1600  miles  and^ 
as  aforesaid,  by  it  their  commerce  can 
be  kept  under  their  own  flag.  It  is  an 
error  to  look  upon  this  great  under- 
taking as  simply  the  enterprise  of  a 
comparatively  small  Dominion  of 
some  4,000,00<  people,  for  itsconstrnct- 
ion  and  operation  is  harmonious  wltb 
both  the  government  and  mercantile 
policy  of 

THE  GREAT  BBITI8H  BHPIBB 

Beside,  along  its  line  is  opened  up  » 
most  desirable  country  for  settlement^ 
thus  affording  a  safe  and  easy  sola- 
tion  of  a  question  that  at  present  lavs 
close  and  heavy  upon  both  ths 
thoughtful  English  statesman  and  cit- 
izen, viz:  How  tu  hold  and  at  the 
same  time  provide  for  their  surplus 
population. 


tltrough 
»ll  fur 
rri\  It 
WMt   to 

In  op«r»- 

M     oon* 

h,    may 

whit    • 

rn  thftt  » 

llllff     tiM 

iiall  tltn 
Umb«r, 
li  msinly 
line  from 

f  ft    iMTg* 

itral  OoT- 
Miy  on* 
1  century, 
'  unulM, 
nR  either 
i\  wealth 
I  ever  be 
'  the  moei 
r  yet  at- 
{)  rated  at 
A  R,  great 
r«A*i  won- 
Kl  Paolflo 
m  paying 


as  well  aa 
OT  to  haT* 
either  un- 
[,  can  pro- 
rhB  Kttrrl- 
^prtiB,  and 
and  maln- 
onefl  as  al- 
f  the  8ue« 
Ullway  of 
;  rail   and 
^nd  lowMt 
:ati  Paciflo 
people   of 
1(1  to  the 
iiropoaata 
Hue  hare 
)  and  ea- 
Ines,  or  put 
oonneotiOB 
act. 

luocessful 
id  Central 
e«  haa  d»> 
that  foi 
na,  Japan, 
rail  acrosB 
!)eolally  so 
iommeroial 
isideratlon. 
11   shorten 
miles  and^ 
meroe  can 
It  is  an 
eat  under- 
prise of  a 
linloD    of 
constmot- 
ulous  wltb 
mercantile 


HPIBB 

^ned  ap  » 
ettlement, 
easy  solu- 
resent  lava 
both  th« 
an  and  cifc- 
md  at  the 
eir  surpla» 


TH£SIX  OO  VERNMEIIT 

OFFICES 

of  ao  ointiy  illtTMrnnt  (Ifipartinitnta  of 
th«  O.iniliiioii  Oovrriiniitiil  aa  are  r*p- 
rtMiiiiHit  In  the  province,  mitkii  the 
folluwiug  rihlhlta,  all  of  wnlch  show 
•  che«rlijg  Inotease  from  year  to  year. 
A  word  of  ripluuatlon,  t  would 
Uere  give  in  regard  to  the  l)<iniliiloi 
Hnvlngs  Ua/ik,  and  that  Ih  Uial  th«<r« 
are  none  aitve  at  auch  iiolnta  aa  tlmy 
have  Deputy  Hcceher  O^nrrala, 
which  are  uaually  in  connection  with 
the  Douilnloii  land  olTlora.  1  would 
alao  here  lake  the  ooportuiiltv  to  note 
what  a  difTerniice  It  mMk«*a  In  publli; 
oWcera.  whether  their  continuance  lu 
such  olHce  la  for  an  uncertain  time, 
depending  upon  the  re-elrctlon  of 
their  nieuilter  of  congr«HM  or  aenator, 
or  the  Intluence  he  niav  have  after  hit 
gets  there,  as  In  the  United  Htatee, 
where  appulntmenta  are  made  wholly 
for  political  reaaona ;  or  as  it  la  in  (Jan- 
ada    wher#»  they  are  made  for  life  or 

Jitod  hehaviour,  and  where  rnioiet.jy, 
lllgenoe  and  oourteay  form  the 
reaaona  for  their  continued  retention 
and  a*lvHnc«>ment.  1  havr  el  to  rM>«>t 
the  drat  Dominion  or  i'ro..iiclMl  oiTln- 
lal,  who  was  not  at  least  ofllclally  a 
gentleman. 

TUB  OUHTOMb  DKI>AIITUBNT 

of  Manitoba  makes  the  following  ex- 
hibit: 

"MHuitoba  was  admitted  into  the 
confederation  of  the  Dominion  of  (Can- 
ada on  the  inth  of  J  uly,  1870.  Tlie  new 
Ouatom  House  was  completed  in  the 
autumn  of  1876  and  occupied  In  April 
following.  Tke  fol'owing  arn  the 
present  ofHcera:  O.  B.8pencer,  collect- 
or; John  Kmalee,  chief  clerk ,  U.  H. 
Youag,  0.  N.  Bell,  clerks;  (J.  U. 
Lindaav.  appraiser;  H.  I.  Jones,  O. 
I).  McVicar,  landing  waiters. 

Out-poat  at  North  I'embina,  P.  T. 
Bradley, deputy  collector;  Wm. Mills, 
landing  waiter  and  clerk ;  and  K.  Q. 
Siracox. 

Out-Dost  at  York  Factory,  Hudson 
Bay,  Joseph  Fortescue,  deputy  col- 
leotov. 

Out-poat  oppoaite  Smuggler  Point, 
N.  T.,  W.  P.  Lealie,  preventive  oflicer. 

The  above  out-posta  are  under  the 
•urvey  of  the  collector  of  cuat-jras, 
Port  of  Winnipeg.  The  old  Asalrue- 
boine  tariff  of  4  per  cent  ad  valorem, 
and  20  cents  per  gallon  on  ale,  wine 
and  spirits,  was  continued  in  force  till 
the  80th  June,  1874,  subsequent  to  that 
date  the  Dominion  tariti  of  17^  per 
oeot,  ad  valorem,  on  general  goods 
and  on  spirita  of  91.30  per  imperial 
gallon  etc.,  haa  been  in  force.  All 
goods  imported  from  Great  Britain, 
pay  t  he  aame  rate  of  duty  as  from  any 
foreign  country. 

Bulow  tliul  atatement  of  the  ad  va- 
lorem value  of  goods  annually  Import- 
ed Into  this  Province,  and  the  dutv 
collected  thereon,  between  the  I5tb 
July  1870 and  the  30th  June  1872,  and 
each  subsequent  year  except  that  of 
1877: 

Foreign  Duty 
goodi.  therjon. 
Torjth  Jon*,  73.  8  7ew«..Sl,m,S8B.OO  Si7,bB(>.M 
To  80th  Jane,  78, 1  year...  l,09ft,lS0.00  48,078.48 
To  SOU)  June,  74, 1  yeur. . .  3,95.1,800.00  87,478.87 
ToSUth  June,  75, 1  year...  1,947,005.00  171,420.86 
To 81'th  Juue,  76, 1  year. . .  l,73S,4as.C0  858,045.38 
To  80th  June,  77,  1  year. . .  1,314,888  00  183,480.88 
To  SOth  June,  78, 1  year. . .  1,171,108.00  338,880.18 
To  SUt  Deo .,  78, 6  montht,     489,490,00      81  ,OS0.88 

The  above  is  exclusive  of  duty  paid 
on  goods  received  from  the  other  Prov- 
inces of  the  dominion. 

■xroBTa  TO  FoamoM  countiukr. 

for  year  endfns  SOth  June.  1S78 $138,808.00 

for  year  ending  30th  June,  1878 396,680.00 

tor  year  ending  SOth  Jnne,  1874 797,763.00 

Vac  yeitf  andlng  SOth  June,  1870 ses.Siaoo 


l»TJ 
riw  year  eBdlna  tUMi  JiHM,  MM fM^WkH 

^r«u  •n.UfiaaibJM«,|in «is,sis.as 

]W7»ar.n.lto«mb}aM,iiil| T««JBS.OS 

Vof  I  luoi.  •odiog  8iai  Dm,,  wn, ....  ias48fT  m 

Larga  quantlttas  of  fun  ara  aow 

aent  to  (fanadian  marketa,  and  ao  do 
not  apiMMtr  in  the  regular  «ii|>ort«,  hut 
wheat,  tr  ,  U  taking  the  pU(«  of  the 
fur,  which  a4.«Munta  for  the  total  valu«t 
of  ex|H)rta  remaining  about  the  aanie. 
A  tougli  lerlea  of  atatlatlca  kept  in 
thla  oMlce  givea  the  following  as  the 
value  of  goods  brought  here  from 
other  porta  of  Canada: 

rnri  year  •mllng  MJtli  liine,  1878  ..  •  887.774.00 
r^jr  I  year  ■wlliia  lotli  June,  l*7a     .     Ijn4,m.a0 

Tl>e  latter  table  ahows  the  growth  of 
Interprovlnclal  trade.  Their  ouri<  <>' 
year,  from  Julv  I.  lti7H  to  JuH  I,  iH^iU, 
ahows  to  date,  March  1st,  a  largo  in- 
crenae  over  laat  year. 

Navigation  In  atlll  kept  op  by  the 
lludaun  Hay  Co.  In  Hudson's  Bay 
(Arctic  Ocean),  aome  live  veanela  per 
)ear  coming  in  there,  but  as  the  out 
port  of  Y(  rit  Factory,  at  the  mouth  of 
Nelson  lliver  (the  outlet  of  Lake  Win- 
nipeg), la  the  only  port  there.  In  the 
Winnipeg  Customs    District,   1   can 


ENGINE  AND  HOOK  AND  LAD- 
DER HOUSE.    SMPagt'm. 


only  give  the  Qgures  from  there.  Its 
exports,  furs  mostly,  are  about  $00,000 
to  9100,000,  and  Imports,  of  course, 
much  leas. 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the 
buainesB,  officers,  and  opportunities 
offered  by  the 

DOMINION  LAND  DEPARTMENT, 

in  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest: 

The  Dominion  land  olJice,  Winnipeg, 
was  erected  in  the  summer  of  187S  for 
the  accomodation  of  the  government 
offlcea  for  the  survey  and  granting  of 
the  lands  in  the  Northwest  Territor- 
ies. 

These  lands  are  under  the  control  of 
a  special  branch  of  the  Department  of 
the  Interior.  The  Kt.  Hon.  Sir  John  A. 
McDonald,  Premier  and  M  iniater  of  the 
Interior,  being  the  responsible  head, 
and  Lindsay  Russell,  Surveyor  Gen- 
eral, chief  of  the  branch,  charged  with 
the  survey,  settlement  and  manage- 
ment of  nil  lauds  vested  in  the  Do- 
minion Government. 

The  offices  at  Winnipeg,  with  branch 
offices  at  Emerson,  Portage  L«  Prairie, 
Little  Saskatchewan  and  Pembina 
Moutitain,  have  the  disposal  of  these 
lands,  eacti  being  in  charge  of  an 
agf nt  and  the  following  staff: 

Winnipeg,  Donald  Codd,  agent  of 
Dom.  Lands,  A.  J.  Belch,  usst.  agent 
of  Dom.  i:.and8,  Boger  Goulet,  local 


•nt,    do.   Purtagn  Im  Pralrta,   A«- 

fUStus  Mllla,  do,  Knieraon,  G*.rM 
Nawooml),  do;  Peaiblua  Mountain,  H. 
Landerkin.  do;  Little  H«Bkaloh«wan. 
Alfi.  Jaffrey,  do;  (i.  K   Newoomb  and 


A  .Seablt,  tiratiar  Inape^tors;  Wtnnt* 
pwg  oflloa.  It.  ITT  Hunter,  aooountaMt, 
M  Wood.  A.  Habtne  and  A.  K  Flahar. 
olerka,  Mid  H.  Powell,  messenger. 

The  survey  odlcr,  alao  acounimoda- 
ted  In  the  same  building.  Is  in  oharga 
of  Mr.  A.  D.  Whltchar,  I>.  L.  tf.  Id*m»' 
tor  of  survaya,  asaistad  by  C.  D.  BlMI* 
ards,  draughtsman. 

The  Dominion  Land  UlHoewaaor** 
ated  by  act  of  Parltament  passed  on 
the.ttnof  April,  IH72,  and  the  uffla* 
at  W  innipeg  was  opened  In  the  follow- 
ing aummer.  Hinoelhat  timetba  fol- 
lowing lands  have  bean  taken  up; 


i   f"Fi«f 

5     ? ! : r* 


r 


HommtHJa. 

Uo.  0/  AtTM. 


Hon. 


Ifo.  of  AerM. 


m 

1 1  tils    No.o/Atrt*. 

Iliii 

ilflil 


ISBNS'    T**.- 


Oulmrt. 

JI7o.  (/  ACTM. 


Showing  a  gain  of  over  00  per  oant 
frjm  1877. 

The  above  table  does  not  Include 
the  1,400,000  teres  allotted  to  the  half- 
breeds,  under  Manitoba  act,  which 
have  already  been  made. 

When  It  Ih  considered  that  the  total 
area  of  the  lands  known  to  befit  for 
cultivation  is  estimated  at  876,184,000 
acres,  of  which  10,000,!IOO  acres  are  al- 
ready surveyed,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
amount  taken  up  is  oomparatively  tri- 
lling. 

Tne  Dominion  Homestead  law  Is  of 
thelmost  liberal  eharaiter.  Rvsry  •*- 
tualaettler  is  ent  itled  to.enter  one  quar- 
ter section  of  lOO  acies  as  a  homestead, 
for  wblcn  he  receives  a  patent  o» 
Vi*i>f  of  three  years  residence  <»;id  oul- 
U     >-'0P. 

iij»  tuay  at  the  same  time  enter 
by  liT9  smptlon,  any  adjacent  quarter 
seocioo,  t>."  patent  for  which  will  la- 
sue  to  him  on  payment  of  $1 00  per 
acre,  when  he  has  completed  his  home- 
stead duties  and  he  may  enter  a  quart- 
er section  fp~  forest  tiee  cultivation 
and  obtain  a  free  Patent  for  it  at  the 
expiration  of  six  years,  on  proof  of 
having  planted  ton  acres  of  trees  dur- 
ing four  years  subsequent  to  the  year 
of  entry. 

Even  more  liberal  terms  than  the 
above  can  be  made  with  tue  approval 
of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  in  case 
of  immigrants  who  come  in  communi- 
ties, or  under  the  auspices  of  societies, 
&c,  &0. 

The  ordinary  Dominion  Lands  are 
open  for  sale  at  the  rate  of  one  dollar 
per  acre,  payable  in  cash,  script  or  mil- 
itary bounty  warrants. 


fill 


n 


vorr  orrtcu 

T^M  ^)llrtWtnf  la  an  nihlliR  of  ^tt» 
I'dit  omrm  hminin»  for  MaiilUiha: 

TlAp(i«t»I  airrtw  In  Manltoha  WM 
MHhMUCtMd  With  th«  iwmUI  Mrrlot  la 
kh<^<«thAr  provlnoM  uL^a  Uonlatos 

In  th«ir««r  IM7I. 

TtiAra  Mr*  now  In  ManltDtw  mrf 
NorthwMt  TmHtorlM  47  p<wt  ofHraa. 
wM<^h  «r«  aiippllmt  )>v  iwH  oillaa  ot 
mall  rniit^,  tlxi  annual  travH  of  UM 
niAlthftlitA  ^,4M  rollM. 

Thfi'|M>aUI  rttvAniif  la  a>>nut  llS^Wt 
p«r  aiinuiu.  of  wlilnti  tlO/iiM)  la  oolkM^ 
•d  In  Wlnnlp^K. 

CiM«<l  ban  ar«  mad«  up  dsllj  Mi 
liiitvfMlilitlly  frmn  Ontario.  (;aiiMI< 
■Bila  am  alan  «inhati|r«d  dallr  Ut  ASd 
mwn  tha  HnlUHl  HtaUw,  hy  rail  war, 

Th«  monny  ordara  laauinl  in  VVinal- 
P4HC  vfl*rl)r  Mmoiinl  to  atxiut  tin  000: 
and  th«  rnoiiny  ordnru  p«ld  lu  al>out 
•«),ooo  Th«  t<iUI  laaiMd  and  paid 
Iwlnfcatioot  •Hn.(X)0. 

ThaatafT  of  thn  Wlnnlp«c  poat  offlm 
oonalata  of  Wllllaui  IIarfravi\  I'oat- 
maatw,  J.  O.  roitraa,  ChftrliNi  Dw- 
ormlar,  L.  O.  Borget  and  John  Cowap, 
Glerka. 

Theffl  la  a  mall  oiioe  In  every  three 
wee^a  between  Winnipeg  and  Ed- 
monon,  at  the  foot  of  the  Kooky 
Moantatna,  a  dUtanoe  of  tOnO  mllae, 
which  HuppllMi  nine  post  ofllcea  In 
the  North WHat  Territory 

Theaervloe  wblob  wm  eatalillahed 
In  Auguat,  1876,  ha*  bten  performed 
bj  the  Rontraotor,  the  Hon.  JamM  Mn- 
Kfty,  with  great  regularity.  The  trip 
from  Winnipeg  to  Edmonton  and 
back  occuplea  about  six  weeks.  The 
baga  are  carried  by  wagon  In  sum- 
mer and  dog  trains  In  winter.  A  very 
large  correaiM)ndenc«  ia  carried  over 
this  route.  My  this  contract  for  the 
preaent.  at  least,  will  the  otRclal  cor- 
respoaacioe  for  the  new  government 
oflloea  i^  Dattleford  have  to  l)e  car- 
ried. A  special  and  more  f'rctuent 
rootefrom  Winnipeg  to  that  place  will 
doabtlear  aoon  be  let. 

THE  RRnKIVEU  OENKRAL 

hM  his  Headquarters  at  Ottawa,  and 
offlee  at  Winnipeg,  in  the  postoffloa 
bnildlng. 

The  office  Is  in  charge  of  H.  II. 
Dnimmond.  Aotln/r  Aast.  Reo.  Qent 
and  Dominion  Auditor. 

This  nuitleman  Is  also  an  ofUcer  of 
th<i  Andit  and  Savings  Dank  Depart- 
ment, all  of  which  are  carried  on  In 
the  same  office. 

The  IleceiTing  Office  is  for  the  Issu- 
ance and  redemption  of  Dominion 
notes,  like  the  U,  S.  Qreenbaoks— also 
roT  tne  reoBivini^  and  payment  of  Do- 
minion moneys  in  this  official  depart- 
ment for  constrnotlon  of  the  Canada 
Pacific  Railway,  and  other  govern- 
ment expenses,  such  aa  salarfes,  etc. 
The  money  received  amounthig  to 
abont  9700.000  fiiom  cuBtoma.  sale*  of 
Dominion  lands,  etc,  and  the  paymoit, 
aa  abore,  amonntlngto  some  |l,SOO,000 
per  annam. 

The 

AUDIT  OmOK 

la  for  the  anditing  of  all  government 
payments  in  Manitoba  and  the  North- 
weat  Territory. 
The 

8A VINOS  BAKK  DBPAKTMEKT 

receives  moneys  from  private  Indlrld- 
oals,  on  which  it  allows  interest  at  the 
rate  of  ■*  per  cent  per  annum,  subject 
to  call.  Since  the  eatabllshmeat  of 
this  bank  by  the  QoTemment,  three 
other  leading  banko  of  the  Dominion 
have  eatablianed  branches  in  Winni- 
peg, which  allow  fve  per  cent  on 
■mall  sums  and  six  per  cent  on  large 
amoonts  and  who  have  it  mutt  be  ad- 


(»i 


mill*)!,  larRo  •■vinipi  MtNtunU;  •tlU 
th«  old  («r«iiit  (^ivitriiiuiwt  Havlnca 
HMik  <•  M)  fw,  OVM  iMt  jTMir,  •huwioff 
kUryn  Inori 


t^im 


THI  I00LE8IA8TI0  AND  EB 
UOATIONAL 

pri vn4>irM ot  thU  iTDVlnon  iir« •  m«tt«r 
of  ■urpiiii<«  to  moat  vUltora.  Ttix 
work  (If  thn  church  h«r«),  ImthCultiollr 
•ml  I'mlMtMrit  In  Mi)4w;Ully  it|)|!iir«)iit. 
«n<l  th«  nhowliigor  minowMful  riNiiiltii. 
I*  iin  liiilni  thnt  It  I*  mikI  Iiim  l>«>«ti 
In  Jiirllrlou«>n(l«tti«rK< Hi;  IimikIii.  I'lin 
rouixlHtlori  of  both  tli«^  ('hiircli  Mint 
Hohuol  Mrn  liil<t  miriirliilnKly  hmail  Utr 
lo  yntinff  »  rrnvlriM,  m  thn  followliit 
lilt  and  eililblt  uf  work  dona  will 
thow. 

Tha  flrit  churoh  r«nnMMntMl  hwra 
waa  tb  t  (?athulln,  thny  havliitr  atartiid 
n  mUaton  hitrn  Ha  Karljr  u  IHIH,  al- 
though prlfMtaof  lliHt  churoh  had  tiiwin 
here •oni"  7fi  ypKra  before  Their  llrat 
(!ath<>dnil,  whioh  had  two  towara  or 
«plr«a,  WHa  buriiMl  but  hita  Imnn  re- 
built of  much  largar  air.«.  but  wltb 
only  A  fl^ntral  tower.  Homa  M  jtmn 
■incf,  John  ().  Whlttler,  th«  Ou*k«r 
l>o«t  of  MaaaachiiatittH.  vtaltMl  thia 
mliaton,  and  Ha  imaci^ful,  (pilet  nur- 
roiindliiKM,  Nnnniml  to  Imvn  tnipri>nri«<(l 
him  miioliaalt  did  ni«<,  h<«  ovi^r  It  tlin 
Angol  of  llf^t  of  a  bt^ter  and  truor 
Ufa  BMims  cnnatantly  to  a|ir«>a<i  hnr 
ptntona.  Aftnr  his  return  hn  wrot«f 
the  ft)llowinff  llnea,  in  purt  suggMitml 
by  Itfl  iieautlful  ehims  of  belli  which 
It  ■(111  hM : 

"Out  and  In  th«  rtrar  is  wliidlnv 
The  link!  of  Ita  long,  rod  ehiiln, 

Thmiiali  tMilu  of  diukr  pln«  land 
And  Kintjr  l«aai>oo  of  plain. 

Oiii  I ,  at  tlinnii,  K  amnkn  wi-rmth 
With  thn  MrtliiK<-l«ii<l  riw^k  Jolni,- 

Tht  imok*  ot  tb*  buiiUag  Uidgw 
Of  Ui«  wild  AMiaeboUu. 

Drtiartly  Mown  tho  iinrth- wind 

Krom  tli«<  land  <>(  lr»  kiiil  nnow  ; 
Tho  9ytm  that  lixik  art'  wonry, 
^  ,  ,.,    Aud  heavy  tbe  likiraa  thkt  row. 

And  with  one  foot  on  tiie  water, 

And  oiin  uiMMi  Ihn  nliorn, 
Thfl  Anuxl  i>r  Hliailow  Klvee  wanilDg 

That  day  ithall  be  nu  more. 

U  It  the  olana  of  wild  aeeaer 
Ii  It  the  Indlnn'i  yeir, 

lnn<ti  tn  ttiu  voice  ot  the  north-wlDd 
e  tones  of  A  far  ofl- bell r 

Tbe  Toyaiceur  umllra  an  he  lUteDS 
To  the  sound  that  Ktowi  apaea ; 

well  he  know*  the  rinittna 
or  Uie  bells  ot  W.  Uoalfaoe. 

The  beiiH  of  the  Koniiui  Mladon, 
That  cull  from  thrlr  tarreta  twain, 

To  tbe  boatmau  oa  the  rim, 
To  the  hunter  on  the  plain  I     •„ 

Iran  ao  In  our  mortal  Jnumpy 
Tvablttarnortli-windn  i>i<iw, 

Att4  ttoa  apoo  llfa'D  iied  iUvec 
Otn  baana,  aa  oarsmeQ.  row, 

▲ud  when  tba  Ancel  of  Hhadow 
Baata  bis  feat  on  wave  and  shore, 

And  our  ayes  Rrow  dira  with  watching. 
And  our  nearta  'aint  at  the  oar, 

Happy  Ik  be  who  beareth 

Tie  signal  of  his  release 
In  the  bells  of  tbe  Holy  City, 

Itie  oblmee  of  eternal  peace  I 

Of  Biahop  Tache,  tbe  Arobbishop  of 
tbU  great  dom-iin,  who  resides  at  this 
MiMion,  tnuob,  very  much  might  be 
■aifl.  II is  trayela,  labors  and  ministry 
have  been  extensive,  and  acceptable, 
still  a  few  words  of  the  Psalmist,  will 
better  express  him  as  be  is,  than  any 
worda  of  mine.  "  The  steps  of  a  good 
mmn  are  ordered  by  the  Lord ;  and  he 
Mighttth  in  his  way.  Mark  tbe  per- 
fect mui,  aiid  behold  the  upright;  for 
the  end  of  that  man  Is  peace."  And 
•o  It  seems  to  be  with  him,  in  the 
peMefol  air  of  this  Miuion,  which. 


'^^ 


HT.  JOUX'4  G0LU(0B-B9Y8  tKJHuui.. 


with  hi*"  kindly,  genial  way,  s<«ems  to 
make  the  atMiyi^  ouoted  wt.. da,  partic- 
ularly appropriate,  and  to  cauae  onn 
tos)o.^«*rniy  wish  that  "his  days  may 
t>elongin  the  land,  which  the  Lord 
hli  (iod  hath  given  him." 

NOTKM  ON  ST.  noNIFAOR. 

The  Red  Hiver  country,  I'royinoeof 
Manitoba,  was  dlacovnred  by  Frimch 
Canadians.  Hleur  Varenn«>s  tie  Ih  Ver- 
andrye,  born  at  Three  HI  vera,  Lower 
Canada,  organized  an  e<|)edltion.  at 
his  own  exueuse,  in  WU,  and  traveled 
through  tne  country,  from  Lake 
HunetTor  to  Uainy  liako.  thence  to  the 
liakeof  the  Woods  and  down  Winni- 
peg Hiver,  to  the  lake  of  the  same 
name;  up  the  river  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Assinneboine,  where  he  built  h  rt 
Rouge,  on  the  point  south  of  the  river 
Assinneboine,  almost  opposite  tk.e 
actual  Tort  Carry. 

Mon.  dela  Verandrye.like  all  the  dis- 
coverers of  the  time,  had  a  missionary 
w'th  him,  and  Uev.  Father  Messut^et 
was  the  first  minister  of  thegoHpnl 
knowu  as  having  visited  this  part  uf 
our  continent. 

Mon.de  la  Verandrye  was  aooompan- 
led  by  three  of  h!s  sons.  One  of  them 
was  murdered  with  his  partv  and  their 
missionary,  Ilev.  Father  Arnaud,  by 
the  iSloux,  on  Lake  St.  Croix,  between 
Uainy  Lake  and  Lake  Superior.  Two 
other  sons  of  the  old  gentleman  dis- 
covered the  upper  Missouri,  from  the 
Yellowstone.  Accompanied  by  two 
servants,  they  crossed  the  country  and 
were  the  first  white  men  who  saw  and 
aioended  the  llocky  Mountains,  north 
of  the  Missouri.  The  same  gentlemen 
discovered  the  north  branch  of  the 
Saskatchewan  in  its  full  length. 

The  conqaeet  of  Canada  by  England, 
pat  a  atop,  for  a  long  period,  to  a  rea- 
uar  French  Canadian  expedition  in 
the  wilderness  of  the  northwest.  The 
missionariee  themselves,  had  to  aban- 
don the  country.  The  work  of  thm  Bo- 
man  Catholic  missionaries  was  re-as- 
sumed in  1818.  Lord  Silkirk,  anxl'^ua 
to  secure  for  his  colony  of  Asslnne- 
tM)ine,  the  co-operation  of  the  French 
Canadians  disseminated  in  the  coun- 
try, requested  of  the  Bishop  of  Que- 
bec, the  services  of  two  priests.  The 
Rfcv.  .1.  N.  Provencher  and  Severe  Du- 
moalln,  both  French  Canadian  prissts 
of  the  diocese  of  Quebec,  were  asked 
by  their  Bishop  for  the  Important  and 
difficult  task.  They  willingly  accepted 
the  proposal,  started  In  birch  canoes 
from  Montreal,  and  landed  at  Point 


OouglM,  now  Winnipeg,  on  the  10th 
of  .luly,  IHIH.  They  soon  after  nroased 
the  river,  and  Intgan  Hie  aettinment  of 
HI.  Itonlface.  The  name,  that  of  the 
Apostle  of  (>t*rmauy,  waa  givea  to  the 
settlement  aa  a  compliment  to  tht.  (Cath- 
olic German  aoldlera  who  had  atxjom- 
panted  Lord  Sllklrk,and  who  were  lo- 
cated around  Point  St.  Huuifaoe. 

Itev.  Mr.  Dumoulin  went  to  Pembi- 
na,  where  thern  was,  at  the  time,  • 
large  Mttli^tuent  of  Frnnnh  CaiiudlAn 
half-brMda,  who  left  in  IHM,  to  estab- 
lish th«  settlement  of  Ht.  Francois 
Xavier,  on  the  .Vssinneboine  river. 

Kev.  Mr.  Provencher  remained  in 
St  Boniface  until  his  death,  which  oo- 
cured  on  the7th  of  June,  1808.  lie  was 
consecrated  lilohop  in  lHHi,  and,oouf»- 
(|uentiv.  WHA  tlilrtv-tliree  years  BlshOD 
of  St.  JJoniface.  lie  sentmlaalonarlaa 
to  the  Saskatchewan  country,  to  Ath- 
abaaka,  British  Columbia  and  Oregon. 
The  tttablishment  of  St.  Boniface  may 
be  considered  as  the  mother  of  many 
missions,  the  head-quarters  of  tbe  im 
mense  nela  which  extendw  to  the  Paci- 
fic and  Arctic  oceans. 

Bishop  I'rovencher  began  the  Col- 
lege of  St.  Boniface  in  his  own  houM, 
and  he,  himself,  all  his  lifetime,  uni- 
ted the  teaching  of  children  with  his 
u'..merouH  and  important  occupations. 
The  same  bishop  established  the  con- 
vent of  St.  Ilonifac*  noj'imlojl  by  iHm- 
ters  of  Charity,  generally  known  M 
the  Grey  Nuns  of  Montreal.  The 
foundress  of  their  order,  Madame  D' 
YottvlUe.  began  the  formation  of  her 
community  at  the  same  time  that  her 
uncle,  Mon.  de  la  Verandrye  made  U»e 
diaaiOTery  of  the  country  in  whidi  (0«r 
of  her  Bisters  arrived  in  1844. 

Although  they  were  called  upon 
chiefly  for  the  instruction  df  youth, 
the  SiBters  have  constantly  cixercised 
corporal  works  of  mercy;  take  charM 
of  the  aged,  infirm  and  orphans ;  Visit 
and  attend  the  sick. 
In  the  course  of  time  several  branch- 
es of  the  same  eetablinhment  were 
formed,  and  some  extend  to  the  Safl- 
katohewan,  and  even  t'  the  banks  of 
McKensie's  river,  over  2,  - K) miles  from 
St  Boniface. 

After  the  death  of  Bisriop  Proven- 
cher, Bisliop  Tswhs,  who  had  H«en  hla 
coadjutor,  succeeded  him  to  the  See 
of  St.  Boniface.  The  dlooese  of  St. 
Boniface,  at  flrrit.  coa\prebended  an 
immense  extent  of  territory ;  it  is  now 
divided,  and  was  created  ao  an  Arch* 


(••I 


fl 


HT.  JOHN'S  OOLLlOB-LADIRli  HOIIOOL. 


dioocM  In  IflTl.  HUhop  Tsrh«i  wu,  at 
U>«i«me  tlin«,  nammt  ArolibUhoi). 
«t>Th«  n«w  nofllflnliutloKl  provliiR«of 
St.  Bonifaow  noniprnhanda  th«  ar.;h<ii- 
oo«a«  of  thn  HMine  omm,  th«  dlixTMe  of 
8t.  Albert,  on  th«  8a^*tch«WHii,  pre- 
■Idml  over  bf  Htihop  Orandin;  Uiit 
dittrlctii  of  AthfttiKdkii  Mfid  MrKmiKtn, 
under  Illahop*  Fersn)'  mm.^  Glut,  and 
Brlttih  Columbia  under  HIshopa 
d'Herboroer  hiuI  DurlMix. 

ArohblHbop  TmcIia  baa  l>Mn  In  the 
eountry  for  .14  vmtra,  partI*  amonK  the 
Indiana  of  th«  far  nnrtb  ani^  pitrtly  at 
8t  Honlface  It  la  a  hum.- nlicum- 
■taiice  tbat  Arohblahop  Tat^bo,  who  la 
by  bla  mother,  a  great  Krand-nephnw  to 
tnaalxtb  x^^neratlon  of  M.  Varnnnea 
d«  la  Verandrye,  who  dlaivrtvered  Ked 
River,  la  alao,  by  hia  fAther,  firtmt 
grand-aon  to  the  alxth  generation  of 
Mr.  JoHette,  the  celebrated  dlicoverer 
of  the  Mlaataalppl. 

St.  Boniface  fa  nicely  altuated,  on 
tb«  eaat  aide  of  the  Ked  Ulver,  oppo- 
■ite  the  Asaltinnbolnn  and  faolnRWin- 
Alpttff.  which  afforda,  from  Ht  l»oi.l- 
faoe,  a  pleasant  Hew  of  therlveraand 
of  the  citv. 

The  rellfrloua  edlfloea  of  the  locality 
all  In  a  row.  parallel  to  the  rlvrr,  pre- 
sent a  pleaainir  agene,  complete  and 
oomfortable,  whether  yiewed  from  a 
paaaing  steamer,  the  opposite  ihons,  or 
the  immediate  pMser^by.  Theae  edia- 
eee  are  aix  in  namber ;  the  flrr  t  la  the 
college  of  8t  Boniface,  aurmounted 
with  ita  nice  cupola,  and  In  which  90 
boya  receive  good  eauoation,  not  only 
In  English  and  French,  bat  even  is 
olasslcs. 

The  second  edifice  is  the  Arohbisb- 
op's  residence;  a  good  dwelllng-hQUse, 
built  of  stone,  having  In  front,  walks 
planted  with  trees.  Then  comes  the 
Cathedral;  a  building  of  b««autlful 
stone  and  fine  demgn:  far  Buperior  to 
any  church  northwest  of  St  Paul.  Th«^ 
ormn  Is  really  a  beautiful  Inatrumeot 
ana  snoh  as  to  astonish,  at  suoh  »  dis- 
tance from  what  is  general ly  termed 
tie  limit  of  civilization.  The  orgar 
was  built  in  Montreal,  by  Mr.  Mitoh- 
ell,  purchased  by  friends  of  Archbish- 
op Tache,  in  Lower  Canada,  and  pre- 


Mented  to  him  four  years  ago,  on  the 
!iftlh  anniversary  of  his  election  aa 
bishop. 

The  fourth  edlfloe,  to  the  south  on 
the  row,  is  Ht.  Honifaos  Academy,  for 
young  ladlfS.  This  esta'  llshraent  U 
conducU^l  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  In 
which  there  are  over  thirty  boar.lers, 
and  sn  aggregate  number  of  eighty 
pupils. 

Next  oomes  the  Convent  of  Ht.  Bon- 
iface, where  the  Sisters  kindly  sup- 
port some  orphans  or  poor  girls,  aged 
and  Inllrra  women,  whence  tliey  visit 
the  sick  at  home  and  perform  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  other  charitable 
and  useful  work. 

At  a  few  hundred  yards  from  their 
residence  the  Histers  purchased  in 
IH77  a  nice  houae,  where  they  have 
their  hospital. 

Thin  new  acquisition  completes  for 
8t.  Honlface  a  full  set  of  educational 
and  charitable  Institutions,  all  direct- 
ed and  mostly  supported  by  the  Arch- 
bishop, assisted  by  his  clergy  and  the 
Histers  of  (Iharity. 

It  is  evident  that  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic church  has  done  a  great  deal  of 
work  here,  and  that  Its  staff  spared 
nothing  in  their  power  for  the  ad- 
vancement and  the  comfort  of  those 
within  their  reach. 

The  college  boys  have  a  splendid 
band  of  their  own  and  the  young 
ladles  from  the  Academy,  in  the  pub- 
lic concerls,  give  evidence  of  tneir 
good  training  In  music. 

Among  the  principal  citizens  of  the 
beautiful  village  of  KU  Boniface  are 
the  Honorable  M.  A.  Olrard,  senator 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  the  Hon- 
orable J.  Royal.  Minister  of  Public 
Works  for  the  Province  of  Manitoba, 
the  Honorable  J.  Dubuc,  Member  of 
Dominion  Parliament  and  Mr. 
Thomas  Bpence,  clerk  of  the  Legisla- 
tive Assembly. 

OHTTBOH  or  BKOT.AND. 

Jnstontside  the  northern  limits  of  the 
cRy  is  Bishop's  Court,  the  residence 
of  the  Bishop  of  Uuperts  Lind,the  Me- 
tropolitan ot  the  Church  of  England 
Eoi  ieslastlcal   Province  of  Ruperts- 


whieh  Is  one  of  the  eiilleMS  «t^|l»« 
(Inlv«raltT    of  M«nlt>h«t  IH.    Johas 

c;ollsf»H<^''ool. '"»•  Ih»)".«"*"*^-  •*<>"•>• 
(kllem  Ladles'  HoIumiI  C/oniMMfed 
wIlhlheMi  lustllutloiis.  Is  a  valuable 
bliwk  of  nearlr  one  thousand  acres. 

Th*  flril  cierg ynisn  of  the  English 
Ohnrch  tha  ll«v  John  Weal,  camela 
Ufto.  and  ma«le  here  the  mKumano* 
meat  of  the  llrslflhuirh  and  the  flrst 
M^hiMil  From  this  IrtNtliinUig  malitly 
throuab  IhaefforUof  lhe<;  II.  M.  for 
the  Indian  Ulbea,  ald»d  lattarlv  by  the 
ilflpo<  Rnfllah  Colonial  .S<><  i«it«s,  the 
Ohnreh  has  crown  so  that  now  It  oon- 
itata  of  four  DIooesM  undei  the  Bishop 
if  lluperU  Land.  Mevosnee.  Maakatah 
swan  and  Alhabascm. 

In  the  DUmiwhi  of  Ruperts  lAOd 
•her*  are  now  ri  olergjinen.  of  whom 
i\  are  In  the  I'rovln. «  of  M»nlU)ba. 
There  are  also  7  or  H  Missions  In  the 
InUrlorof  the  Dioctiae  In  charge  of 
oateohlats.  There  are  two  Church 
Partahesln  Winnipeg  Holy  Trinity, 
inder  the  llev.  O  Vortl.i.  B  A,,  ss 
lUcUir.  which  liaa  a  large  new  church 
tnd  Is  self  supporting,  and  Christ 
<!hurch  which  h<u  also  anew  church 
hut  small  under  the  llev.  Canon  Orlb- 
lale,  B  D..  one  of  the  clergy  of  the 
inoU-er  parish.  Part  of  the  extreme 
wee-  of  the  city  Ilea  In  the  pariah  of 
St.  .)aiiH«,  wUloii  Is  under  the  itev.  D. 
C.  Plnkbam.  the  church  l>elng  without 
the  city.  Part  of  the  extreme  North 
still  remains  In  the  Mother  Cathedral 
Parish  of  Ht.  John.  Ht.  John's  Cathe- 
dral la  a  (Nillegiate  Church  unde^  a 
corporation  consisting  at  preaent  of  a 
Dean  and  Hli  (Canons,  but  ol  theae 
only  two  of  the  (Janona  have  at  present 
I  he  reoulred  endowments.  The  Bish- 
op Is  Dean  and  the  eiidowmenU  of 
other  two  Canunlea  had  been  com- 
menced. .  .    ^.     „ 

The  school  commenced  by  the  Byr. 
John  Weat  rose  to  ImporUnce  und«r 
an  able  master  the  Bev.  John  Mao- 
allum,  M.  A.,  and  after  various  vicis- 
situdes baa  reached  itaureaent  growth 
as  St.  John's  College  with  Ito  various 
schools. 

There  are  a  limited  number  of  rooBt 
for  Theological  students,  but  noroona 
Ht  prMientlor  general  university  stn- 
dents,  iixccpting  for  those  that  have 
l>een  In  Hi.  John's  College  Hchool. 
But  as  soon  aa  all  burdens  are  remov- 
ed from  Ht.  John's  College  Hchool  for 
boys,  and  the  Ht.  John's  College  Ladlea' 
School,  there  will  be  Rn  effort  made  to 
erect  buildings  for  the  Theological 
and  University  Students  of  Ht.  John's 
College. 

The  St.  John's  College  School  for 
boys,  receives  between  BO  and  flO  board- 
ers and  has  also  some  day  pupils,  but 
the  appltoailons  for  admission  for 
boarders  have  for  two  cr  tnree  years 
been  considerable  more  than  could 
be  met.  It  has  a  full  staff  of  teachers 
every  town  being  under  a  separate 
teacner,  so  that  if  there  are  rooms  for 
boarders.it  could  recei  fo  at  least  double 
the  present  number  of  buyp. 

Ht.  John's  College  with  Ht.  John's 
College  Hchool,  Is  governed  by  a  coun- 
cil under  statutes  given  by  the  Bishop 
and  san(tion«Kl  by  the  Synod.  It  is  a 
chief  meterologioal  station  for  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada,  superintending  a 
number  of  stations  in  the  Northwest 
Territories. 

The  St.  John's  College  Ladies' 
Hchool  is  a  new  institution.  'The 
'Ohooi  is  under  Miss  Hurl  Davlesas 
principal,  and  has  a  stnlT  of  govern- 
t^sses  and  masters  that  will  oe  in- 
creased as  may  be  required. 

It  ia  built  of  solid  brick,  with  stona 


•  OoilM* 

■  oi  ^K« 
.    John'* 

a.  Jotin't 

1  MrM. 

Ui«  lint 

\l.  H.fOf 
rl»  by  Um 

i«itw,th« 
)w  It  aon- 
h«  Hithop 
HMkktoh 

,  of  whum 
MaaltutMk 
n*  In  th« 

cliftrgo  of 

0  (:t>ur«h 
r  Trinity, 
.  B  A..  M 
iw  flhuroh 
ad  (nirtat 
)W  oliiiroh 
Mion  (Irtb- 
gy  of  Ui« 
«  fiilrnm* 

uartih  of 
lie  l»«T.  D- 
IK  without 
tiiin  North 

Oathedral 
in*«  Cathe- 
h  iindAt  » 
reaent  of  ft 
t   ol  th«M 

1  at  prrMnt 
The  Hlih- 
vntniita  of 
bttMi  oom- 

y  the  !l«T. 

ncfi  under 
)liii  Mao- 
Ions  victa- 

mt  Kruwtb 

to  Tarloua 

ir  of  rooma 
t  no  rooma 
eralty  atu- 

thal  have 
m^  Hohool. 
ure  remoT- 

School  for 
eK^  Laiitea' 
>rl  luade  to 
rbeoloffloal 

8t.  John'a 

School  for 
id  00  board- 
ynplla,  bat 
iiMton  for 
bbreeyean 
ban  could 
of  teachera 
a  aeparate 
.  rooma  for 
eaat  double 

St  John'a 
1  by  a  conn- 
the  Blahop 
od.  Itiaa 
for  the  Do- 
itending  a 
NortJiweat 

■ge  Ladiea' 
tton.  The 
L  Davi6Bi>i 
of  govern- 
rlU  be  In- 
d. 
with  aUme 


rut 


In  i«n.  ftaM  ttial  time,  It  fiaa  mmU 
atMMty  laitabataiitlal  i>r<tf  rMM.  tlie 
•amtNMr  m  attMlmU  In  at(«a4|MM«  kttk 
Maaion  waa  furt*  thrii*      Thttmwm 


CKNTIt\L  HOHOOL,  WINNII'KIJ,  MAVITOIU.    Am  Pay0  W 


rpandntlon.  In  a  harinonluua  comblna- 
t  on  of  Hwiaa,  Rngllab.and  American 
Uothlo,  with  manaard  roof,  Lhavliig 
four  n.H»r».  Hnlahad  ♦•""•-I.^ui,  tna 
•Ite  la  4AxM  ft.,  with  projtotlona  on 
fuur  aldej 

The  Internal  arrangenenU  are  com- 
Plete  In  every  reapent,  the  whole 
iMilldlng  Im.Idk  heated  by  hot  air  on 
the  latest  Improvnd  ayatem,  one  patr 
•nted  »iy  the  architect  Thwe  la  alio 
a  Ponii)lnte  •yHi«>ni  of  water  worka 
■upplytufi  the  ilormltorlea  and  oloaeta 
throughout     This  will  alao  be  a  aafe- 

Kard  Hgainat  tire,  aa  a  hoae  can  be  at- 
ihed  on  each  floor . 

It  haa  accommodation  for  thirty 
pupllB  and  four  la<ly  MsalaUnU .  Raoh 
fl.wr  laprovlde*!  with  the  neoemiary 
doseta  and  bath-rooma,  fixed  waab- 
■tanda,  etc. 

The  Church  of  England  la  mainly 
Indebted  for  this  line  S<!liool  to  a  very 
tcenerouncontributluu  by  aulergftnan 
In  Kugland. 

By  meana  of  the  endowmenU  that 
nave  been  secured,  the  (ihargea  at 
theae  iuatitutions  are  much  Iraa  than 
at  auch  flrat-clasa  Inatitutlona  gener- 
ally In  America. 

The  followlnjf  for  example,  are  the 
charges  v>er    term  at  the  St.  John's 
C/Ollego  Hehool.     The  tern)  litato  for  20 
weeks— there  being  two  in  the  year. 
Pa*  tor  Tuition  In  Kngllah,  CImiiIi<«,  Malli- 
«m»tlra,  Includinii  HurvaylDKUiil  Uatlie- 
mfti  l«ti  l)n«lua,  Praooh  knd  Voost  Miuloa  15  on 

Inttruineiital  If  iwle r  i« 

Retinal  tJbrwrjr BO 

Bo>rdlnK  (or  bojtn  under  16 SO  Oo 

RoardlDR  for  boynover  18 10  Oo 

It  new!  sca'^oely  be  added  that  the 
raiaing  of  thtsse  Institutions  in  this 
young  country,  is  the  renult  of  great 
and  continued  effort  With  some  ad- 
ditional help  they  could  be  made  very 
efficient.  The  Bishop  is  particularly 
anxious  that  scholardhips  should  b« 
founded  at  them,  both  to  encourage 
deaerving  and  promising  students,  and 
aapeclally  for  the  benefit  of  theaons 
KM  daughters  of  the  clergy. 

A  comparatively  small  Rum  given  in 
tuiB  way  would  materially  strengthen 
the  Church,  and  cheer  the  Missiouarv 
in  his  struggles  to  build  up  the  church 
in  new  dlstrlcta,  where  the  people  can 
do  Utile 


UNivsnaiTT  or  mamitora. 
There  la  now  a  Unlveratty  of  Mani- 
toba nnaaUXnw  nf  »>ifM>  >><t||««Ma  HF 
John's,  bt  liiinirare  and  Manitolm, 
and  likely  bye  and  bveto  have  more 
oonnetited  with  It  The  irnlverslly 
to  be  governed  by  a  council  conalating 
of  a  (;hi'  icellor  and  Vice  Chancellor 
of  Uepresflntalivea  for  each  of  the 
('olle^^a,  three  Uepreeentativeii  e[ectr 
ed  by  the  Convention  of  Ormluates. 
and  two  ItepreaentativeA  of  the  Hoard 
of  KducHtlon.  The  liishop  if  llii- 
perls  Land  has  been  aniwilnted  Chan- 
cellor, the  Hon.  J.  Royal,  VUm  Chan- 
cellor, and  the  other  members  of 
Henate  are  now  being  elected.  Degreea 
In  arts,  sciences,  law  and  me(licine 
win  tie  given  by  the  united  universi- 
ty, but  power  has  \ttmn  given  t<»  the 
several  colleges,  with  the  consent  of 
the  religious  bodies  they  are  connec- 
ted with,  to  establish  separate  aoole- 
tlea  of  theology.  The  ('ouncil  of  8t 
John's  Coileae  has  accordingly  under 
this  act,  with  the  sanction  of  the  Di- 
ocese Hyno<'  of  Uu|Msrt's  I.^nd,  estab- 
lished a  Faoulty  for  the  examination 
of  randldatea  for  the  degrees  of  B.  D. 
and  I).  I). 

THK   PRBaBTTESIAK  CIIirROlI  m  CAN- 
ADA. 

This  chnroh  la  repreaented  In  the 
nortbWMt  by  the  Presbytery  of  Mani- 
toba. The  territory  occupied  by  this 
presbytery  is  very  extensive,  embrac- 
ing ttie  whole  Canadian  northweat. 
There  are,  connected  with  the  presby- 
tery, thirteen  ministers,  and  three 
oatechlsta.  The  number  of  c<ingrega- 
tiona  with  settletl  pastors,  is  four;  of 
vacant  congregations,  also  four;  of 
mission  stHliotm,  twenty-two;  making 
in  all,  fortv-three  placet,  where  servic- 
es are  regularly  held.  The  number  of 
families  connected  with  the  congrega- 
tions and  mission  stations  of  the 
church,  exclusive  of  Indians,  is  about 
eight  hundred ;  of  members  in  full 
communion,  about  seven  hundred  and 
fifty.  There  are  aho  four  Indian 
schools  connected  with  the  pre'ibytery. 

The  moat  Important  educational 
agen  y  of  the  church  In  the  north- 
west fa 

MAmrOBA  OOLLBOB. 

Thia  Institution  is  situat«il  in  the 
city  of  Wi/iulpes.    It  was  esfiblished 


while  preparing  rnr  or- 
tal    ami    profMHluiuU 


forty 

irlngft 

■  rofMNI 

ilafftti«  junior  and 

ion  aiaailnaUona  In 

Jana4tan  unlvmrstUaa, 

illou  In  .aw  or    mtxllrinii, 

niitr»iir'«  on  the  «v<<irs«a 

of  atrtoulturo  ami  rivit  anclmwiioiL 

and  for  baglnnlng  tliiKilo|v  In  any  of 

tlM  (Mia^uai  oolTagw      Tnere  la  alao. 

a  contpMa  ooanm  given  In  IhtMilogy 

and  lU  fliigiiate  stibjacl «,  to  ynuni  mim 

•ludylng     fur    the    uilntstry    of    t^ 

nhurelk     U  la  intmuitMl  als«>,  to  auwi^t 

MiaiNWnwof  Inairuntlon  In  IhetMitlaM 

totheoarrlmilum  of  the  Unlveralty  Of 

UanlK^  Juat  fatabliahwd. 

Whl|«  th«  oollege  btilldlngaat  pre* 
ent  oaetipWNl,  are  •Mfflnlently  (Mimino- 
dioua  fw  tiBMedlaU  neoeaatllM.  thay 
are  intaoted  to  aerva  niaraly  a  t«nipo- 
rary  parfOM.  It  la  the  itUrntion  of 
the  C4)lMt*  board  to  •rnrt,  an  soon  aa 
possible,  nermanent  buildings,  for 
whioh  a  suluhle  site  has  been  already 
secured.  Kor  this  i>ur|>oiie  It  will  be 
iiei'eaaary  for  the  friends  of  the  col- 
eae  to  oome  to  the  aaalstaiioe  of  the 
hoard  with  ihHir  subscriptions.  The 
support  acctinled  In  the  past  has  liean 
of  tna  moat  generous  and  illieral  da»> 
orlutlon:  but  the  growing  attendanoa 
at  UMOOllem  will  s<M)n  render  greater 
aooomoMNlMlons  hhsolulely  iiecaaaary. 
•Mill  v^!  far  s^»tmT  efforts  from  »•! 
who  daalra  to  urmioU^  the  tntereataof 
the  church  ami  the  cause  of  higher  ed- 
ucation In  the  north  went. 

'4  .nsru^  Staff'  i\f  Ifutrrtntorn  in  Man- 
iU>ba  OtMtff-  Hev,  (}«orge  Hrvoa,  M. 
A.,  Profaaaor  <if  Hclence  and  Litera- 
ture; liev.  Thomas  Hart,  M.  A.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Classics  and  French;  Rat. 
.lamea  Robertaon,  Lecturer  on  Hyata- 
niatlo  Theology-  Ilev.  John  HIack,  D. 
I).,  Lecturer  on  Illhllcal  Crltlclam ;  Mr. 
Alexander  K.rguson,  Klnnentary  Tu- 
tor. 

(tfflmn  qf  ih*  Board  qf  Manav 
tntint.— Hon.  A.  O.  B.  Bannatyne^ 
Chairman;  Rev.  I'rofeaaor  ilart  M. 
A.,  Secretary;  Duncan  Macartbnr, 
Ksq.,  Traaaurer. 

ColUgtBtnatt.-  Rev.  I'rofeaaor  Bryofl 
M.  A., Chairman  ;  Hev.  I'rofeaaor  Hart, 
M.  A.,  Heoretary  ;  Rev.  John  Black,  O 
D.;  Rev.  lames  Hobertaon;  Ilev.  AJ- 
exander  Mathesoti. 

It  may  be  added  that  while  tha  ooU 
lege  Isconiiet'ttMl  with  the  I'resbyterl- 
an  (.'huroh  It  is,  In  Its  regular  and  com- 
mercial courses,  i>«rf««tly  unaootai  Ian 
In  character. 

HBTHODIHT  OiniROn  OrfOANADA 
Haa  fifteen  ministera  and  one  native 
aaaiatMit  about  2,000  membain  In  good 
standlog,  70dlfferent  preaching  plaoea, 
94  aal'bath  achoola.  about  •30,000  ez- 
pendad  during  the  year  ending  Maj 
1870,  by  the  missionary  society  In  aua> 
talning  missionaries,  furnishing 
schools,  &c.  Several  more  mtssionarlea 
have  been  asked  for  this  year.  The  work 
Is  divided  Into  two  districts.  One  em- 
braces the  province  of  Manitoba  and 
Keewatin  and  several  iniHsions  in  tha 
north  and  is  called  Red  River  dlstr let 
The  other  called  the  Saakatcbewan 
district,  embraces  our  work  In  the  N. 
W.  Territories.  Each  district  Is  pr»- 
sided  over  by  a  chairman.  The  chair- 
mau  of  Red  River  district  resides  in 
Winnipeg  and  the  chairman  of  Saa- 
katcbewan atltow  MUl,  N  W=  T. 

PEACE  RIVER. 

Before  closing  my  remarks  about 
the  resources  of  Manitoba  and  tha 
Northwest;  I  would  add  that  Professor 


("] 


;'-«:;a 

mm 

1 

'v 

Hil  iiliniUiiii 

■  '"!"'•. .,    ■  ri  ■ill''  :  '■  "  ■■            ■.:"  '■ 

- »             • 

■,  •    .  ■^.'!?»*::3S!"'rsr~r~^«'»«~ 

« 

.— 

<« 

oivUliitlon,  th«  fJr««-trMl>r,  wm  not 
allowe<f  In  their  domiUn.  Their  pollny 
waa  to  keep  it  a  "terra  in  coKnita.'' 
Tbat  in  wiiy  we  did  not  know  alxiut  It. 
Through  the  purohaae  of  their  ohart- 
ei"  by  the  Dominion  Oovernnr  -at,  un- 
der the  I'remlenihlp  ofHIr  Jobu  A.  Mo 
Dontdd,  and  the  InimenBe  Rurveva 
begun  by  hia  goTernnieut,  mainly  n>r 
tlie  Canadian  I'ac'flo  Railway,  8upple- 
meuted  by  further  sclentlllo  antt  pri- 
vate explorations  (the  jountry  twluv 
thiown  o|>en  to  n-ee  trade  and  tr<«vel) 
the  rea!  truth  hai  begnn  to  be  known 
about  it. 
UManitoba  haa  a  very  One 


MANITOBA  COLLEGE,  WINNirK",  MANITOBA.    Bee  Page  i\. 


John  MAconn,  tbe  goverament  bota- 
nlBt,  who  has  crossed  the  continent 
twice  expresuly  to  make  inquiries  Into 
the  flom  and  geological  f'^rmationof 
the  Northwest,  especially  in  the  Peace 
RiV3r  district,  "hlch  is  to  the  north 
andnortbwes'  ^f  the  Haskatchewan, 
beyond  the  Athabasca  river  and  east  of 
the  Bocky  Mountains,  was  examined 
at  great  lengi  i  by  the  Parliamentary 
oopmlttee  o  i  immigration.  Daring 
th^  examinat  on  h(>>  gave  such  r'oora 
of  his  ^nowUdK  that  none  li  bted 
the  truth  of  Uls  ^^saertions.  1  >  val- 
ley is  betweeii  lati  I  iide  50  and  >9  and 
longitndc  116  and  122  west  from  Green- 
wifin.  The  7  rofesaor  found  that  the 
enure  district  along  the  Peace  river 
for  a  distance  of 

7H0  HILB8 
1p  a  belt  160  on  each  side,  was  as  suita- 
blJB  for  the  cultivation  of  grain  as  that 
of  the  province  of  Ontario  or  Upper 
Ganada.)  H«>  haa  brought  samples  of 
wheat  weighing  66  pounds  to  the  bush- 
el and  of  barley  weighing  r,f;  pounds 
to  the  bushel.  The  climate  waa  even 
more  suitable  than  in  Ontiirio  for 
thdre  were  no  wat  autumns  c'  frost  to 
kill  the  voung  grain.  The  pi  mt«  that 
he  found  in  that  region  w>  re  the  same 
as 

, ,  THOSE  ON  }.AKB  EEIE, 

and  further  discDverlea  satisfied  him 
that  the  two  areaa  were  sixDllar  ii;  ev- 
ery respect  The  icp  in  the  river 
broke  tip  in  April.  Slock  raiainjrwas 
not  difficult  because  the  grass  remain- 
ed fi«Bh  apd  green  up  to  the  t  ery  open- 
ing of  wlttter.  He  bad  seen  thouiwids 
of  acree  of  it  three  and  four  feet  long 
on  levels  200  feet  above  •Peace  Btrer. 
He  had  tested  the  temperature,  and 
showed  by  figures  that  the  averaj,e 
rommer  heat,  throughout  that  entire 
dutriot  and  way  to  the  north  of  the 
Peace  river  valley,  was  similar  to  that 
of  Toronto  and  Montreal  and  much 
higher  than  that  of  Halifax.  He  was 
poaltive  that  the  climate  was  uncom- 
monly suitcble  for  agriculture.  Be- 
sides the  peculiar  excellence  of  the 
country  for  cereals  he  had  found 
thousands  of  acres  of  crystal  ized  salt, 
so  pure  that,  it  was  used  in  ita  natural 
State  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Go. 

COAL 

abounded  In  the  richest  veins  and  was 
so  internstratiaed  with  b'termatele  or 
iron  ore  yielding  60  per  cent  that  no 


locality  could  be  better  for  manufac- 
turing.  Thousands  of  acres  of 

OOAL  OIL  I'lELDS 

were  found,  the  tar  lying  on  the 
g/ound  being  ankle  deep;  miles  and 
miles  of  the  pnrost  gypsum  beds 
cropped  out  of  the  river  beds;  coal 
beda  abound  along  the  ectstt'rn  slopes 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  extend 
in  large  seams  throughout  the  coun- 
try. In  short,  Prof.  Macoun  believed 
the  northwest  to  be  the  riubeat  part  of 
Canada,  piophesied  that  it  wouid  yet 
become  tne  homes  of  millionp  of  peo- 
ple, prosperous  and  happv.  It  might 
be  well  to  Hlate,  that  this  committee 
was  uot  made  up  entirely  of  believers 
of  the  human  sustaining  resourcaa  of 
that  section  or  the  northwest  gener- 
ally, i,v  any  means,  but  the  ProfesBor 
submlited  such  a  very  foil  collection 
of  the 

FAUNA,  FLORA,  MINERALS,  SOILS, 

etc.,  etc.,  of  that  section,  with  such 
full  data,  that  belief  took  the  plaoe  of 
doubt.  I  am  informed  that  thin,  with 
other  similar  collections,  can  be  found 
in  the  proper  department  at  Ottawa. 
In  speaking  of  salt  I  would  say  tbat 

Erenous  to  the  connection  of  Manito- 
a  by  steam  with  the  States  and  Cana- 
da, all  the  salt  they  used  was  made 
near  Lake  Manitoba,  but  their  appli- 
ances being  rude,  and  distance  consid- 
erable, its  manufacture  is  not  at  pres- 
ent continued,  though  salt  apringa  of 
remunerative  atrength  stfl^  exist 
there,  and  soon  its  manufacture  may 
be  recommenced  with  the  cheaper  fa- 
cilities of  modem  and  complete  con- 
veniences. 

WHV  HAVBN'T  WE  KNOWN  AND  HOV.'  DO 
WE  KNOW? 

Perfaapo  some  readers  may  wonder 
why  it  is  tbat  the  great  and  magnifi- 
cent country  embraced  ?n  Manltolm 
and  the  Canadian  Northwest  has  only 
just  b36n  discovered,  and  how  it  is 
known  tbat  the  atatements  herein 
made  are  correct. 

Want  of  apace  alone  forbids  this  be- 
ing answered  fu'ly.  Brifcfly  it  is  this: 
From  1670  to  1.S70  this  wliole  section 
was  held  in  complete  vassalage  by  the 
Hudson  Bay  <'o.,  and  espeoidliy  so 
since  its  absorption  in  1821  of  the 
Northwest  Co.,  its  previous  competitor. 
No  white  man  could  be  in  all  this 
great  territory  *on  day»  withoat  their 
Knowing  It    The  real  missionary  of 


_AGRXCaiy.XnB.ATi  HCKJ 

CliXY. 

I  have  before  me  the  prize  Hat  for  the 
Fifth  Anr'ial  Kxhlbitlon,  which  was 
held  last  Octoiter.  The  premiums 
amounted  to  about  |3,000,  and  compe- 
tition being  opened  to  the  entire  Can- 
adian Northwest,  the  display  was 
very  full  and  gratifying  to  all  inter- 
ested, and  was  a  pleasant  surprise  in 
tht  quality,  as  well  as  quantitrof  ar- 
ticles exhfhitud. 

While  Manitoba  has  hitherto  hemn 
oonsidi:  ed  and  treate<i  as  a  Nortliwestr 
em  or  prairie  region,  I  would  say  she 
also  lays  claim  and  presenta  proof  as 
being  also 

A  MABiriME  FBOVINE, 

by  means  of  the  navigation  offered 
through  Hudson  Bay.  The  follo,vlng 
description  of  this  great  northern  bisin, 
is  from  an  addroes  of  Sanford  Fleming 
Esq.,  Chief  Eugineer  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  railway: 

"Any  one  by  exainlnlnR  an  oroft.'apbloal  map 
of  North  America,  will  notice  that  a  great  qonti- 
nental  plain  atretcbi^H  north  and  soutb  between 
theOulfof  Mexico  -^nrt  the  Arctic  IKiean.  It  la 
lH)uniiM(l  on  the  western  side  thoroUKhout  by  the 
Kt-oky  Mountain  Range  an.l  on  the  eastern  side 
In  part,  by  the'AppalachaIn  Range.  This  great 
plain  occupies  the  whole  of  North  Amertoa,  be- 
tween the  eastern  aud  western  -nountaln  ranges. 
Its  rtver  systems  are  divided  Into  three  distinct 
drainage  basins,  one  south  Into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexloo,  another  north  lato  Arci  t  -  Waters  aud  the 
(bird,  east  Into  the  Atlantic  ilirouKh  iua  8t. 
Lawrence  Fiver.  01  these  three  basins  the  St. 
Lawrence  is  tar  the  siualli^t  In  area,  while  the 
northern  is  fully  as  large  as  the  other  t^o  put  j<)- 
gether.  The  divide  between  the  nort  erii  and 
southern  basins,  approximates  near  the  Inter- 
national boundary  between  Canada  and  (be 
United  States." 

The  nortkwestem  part  of  the  Htate  of 
Minnnesota  is  In  this  valley.  This 
part  of  that  Btate  has  by  far  its  finest 
wheat  land  j.  Nortbecstem  Dakota  is 
also  in  this  same  basin,  its  wheat 
value  and  rapid  settlement  equals  if 
not  exceeds  tdat  of  Miuuesota.  Conse- 
quently, it  is  a  part  of  andsympathetlu 
with  the  northern  basin.  The  outlet 
of  »  large  portien  of  the  wheat  belt  of 
this  basin— tAe  largest  in  thf  world— 
is  through 

SEI8ON  RIVER  TO  HUneON  BAY, 

ftom  the  mouth  of  whL';h  river  It  is 
nearer  by  a  (U.  .isiderable  distance  to 
Liverpool  than  the  Port  of  New  York 
to  Liverpool.  The  direct  western  port- 
ion of  the  system  of  navigation  of  the 
southern  part  of  this  l>aa*n  and  south 
and  southwest  portion  of  the  same 
system  iu  the  Red  and  Asslneboin  Val- 
lays,  meet  at  a  comiu'v  point  at  the 
northern  end  of  Lake  ^  mnipeK,  a  dis- 
tance of  sown  373  miles  from  Hudson 
Bay,  via  the  River  Nelson,  at  a  point 
710  feet  al)OTe  the  sea  level.  The 
distance,  870  miles  of  river,  is  about 
the  same  as  f^m  BufiGftlo  to  Troy, 
New  York,  (360  miles)  the  two 
termini  of  the  Erie  Canal,  while  the 
elevation  to  overcome  is  approxlmar 
tely  the  same  viz:  710  feet  to  664  feet 


WM  not 
leir  i)<>lloy 
cognlt*.' 
1  al)out  It. 
leJr  ob»rt- 
DT-at,  un- 
>hu  A.  Mo 

B     8UrV«V8 

oAiuly  n>r 
ly,  Huupie- 
0  and  prt- 
itry  l)eluK 
nd  truvel) 
b«  knowu 


JJSOi. 


lUt  for  the 
which  was 
prenuuDCB 
ind  comp«- 
Biitire  Ciin- 
isplay   was 

0  all  inter- 
lurprise  in 
atltyof  w- 

therto  t)een 

Northweat 

lid  say  «he 

ita  proof  aa 

VINE, 

Ltion  offered 
e  following 
thernbiBln, 
rd  FlemiuK 
lie  Caiiadlan 

fi.'apbloal  DiKp 
A  a  peat  oontl- 
soutn  between 
10  ocean.  Itw 
ougbout  by  tbe 
le  eastern  side 
56.   Tills  great 

1  America,  be- 
ountaln  ranges. 
I  three  distinct 

0  the  fi'il'  of 
Wateri  auit  tbe 
irouKb  tu.J  St. 
baffis  tbe  St. 
urea,  wbile  the 
ther  two  put  i«>- 

1  nort  erti  and 
lear  the  Intgr- 
narta  and  w»e 

rtheBtateof 
Uley.  Thlfl 
'ar  its  finest 
■n  Dakota  la 
,  its  wheat 
at  equals  if 
jota.  Conse- 
aympathetiu 
The  outlet 
heat  belt  of 
ih3  world — 

BON  BAY, 

ih  liver  it  la 
diatanoe  to 
1  New  York 
weatern  port- 
^tion  of  the 
t  and  aouth 
)f  the  aame 
slneboin  Val- 
point  at  the 
inipeg,  a  dia- 
from  Hudaon 
1,  at  a  point 
k  level.  The 
iver,  ia  about 
ao  to   Troy, 

Bthe  two 
,  while  the 
I  approxima^ 
it  to  664  feet 


aQd564itaetby  the  WeUand  knd  St. 
liawrenoe  oauala.    By  tbe 

RBPORT  OF    l>ROF.  U.  Y.  HIKD 

made  before  tbe  Committee  on  Avrl- 
oulture  and  Eitalgtatloa,  at  the  faat 
seaelon  (1878)  of  tiie  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment, <ui  amount  of  Ikcta,  founded  on 
careAil      and       long      reaearoh,    waa 

§iven  that  carried  oouvlction  of 
w  praotlcabllity  of  ooeau  navigation 
tbrouifh  at  d  out  of  Hu'laon  Bay,  ap 
proacniug  in  duration  to  nearly  the 
same  ilnin  as  the  navigation  of  the 
G<eat  Lakea,  at  leaat  the  Lake 
Huperlor  portion  thereof,  eapeci- 
ally  If  maintained  by  ateam  vea- 
aela.  apettialiv  adaoted  to  that  navi- 
Kation.  Thia  would  not  only  aiTord  a 
grain  route  out,  but  the  emigration 
route  in,  to  ttiia  great  and  deairable  Hec- 
tion.  Though  the  formal  report  that 
Prof.  Hind  bad  prepart'<l  before  f^oiiig 
before  thia  oomraittee  has  been  aiiioe 
published,  it  doea  not  embrace  one 
half  of  the  practical  fact^  urought  out 
iu  the  riffitl  orosa-oxiimination  he  un- 
der we  Jt  in  the  three  days  he  waa  be- 
fore f  lem,  from  tbe  (jueatioca  of  Indi- 
vidual membera  and  others. 

Of  t  lie  many  who  were  preaent  during 
the  days  he  made  thia  report  and  un- 
derwent the  rigid  queetlonlugHof  thoee 
preaent,  who  were  tiie  moat  akeptical, 
aa  well  as  thoee  who  vbile  not  favor- 
able were  willing  to  fairly  receive  any 
trutha,  there  waa  ui)t  one  but  that  felt 
convinced  of  at  leaat  this,  "that  there 
waa  something  In  it."  It  being  dp 7 
good  fortune  to  be  among  thoee presenr, 
I  am  frank  to  confeaa  such  waa  my 
conviction,  .vild  as  I  have  hitherto 
considered  such  a  scheme.  There 
seems  to  be  little  doubt  but  that  at  tbe 
present  aeesiou  of  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
meot,  measures  will  be  taken  to  de- 
monstrate iu  a  greater  or  less  degree, 
the  praotloability  of  the  scheme  then 
so  nilly  and  reasonably  sustained. 
Hhould  iuch  expk'lment  demonstrate 
its  feasibility,  tb'»  eflfect  of  such  an  ou!.- 
let  upon  thts  ('anadian  Northeweet 
would  be  apparent  to  every  thoughtful 
miad,  without  any  auggeationa  of 
mine. 

BNIiARaEMENT   OF   BtANITOBA. 

Ia  it  not  reaaonable  to  auppoae,  that 
the  area  of  this  little  Province,  aa  at 
preaent  organized,  not  equaling  in  size 
some  of  tbe  couutlee  In  tne  older  Pro- 
vinces and  in  many  of  the  States,  will 
soon  be  enlarged,  both  on  grounds  of 
executive  economy  and  for  otherpolitl- 
cal  and  practical  reasons?  Should 
such  an  enlargement  be  made,  taking 
the  International  boundary  for  its 
southern  line,  the  106th  degree  of  longi- 
tude for  its  western  line,  tbe  60th 
parallel  of  latitude  for  iiu.  northern  and 
the  waters  of  Hudson  Bay  and  the 
western  limits  of  Ontario  for  Its  east- 
ern line,  then  would  this  great;  and 
common  island  system  of  navigation 
of  the  Bed,  Assinboin,  Lake  Winnipeg, 
the  Saskatchewan  and  by  railway  con- 
nection with  the  Atbaltaaca,  Peace, 
etc.,  united  in  the  Nelson  Elver  and 
Hudson  Bay  route,  be  under  one  har- 
monious legislation.  This  would 
seem  to  be  but  a  fair  and  just  arange- 
me nt  for  thia  Province,  to  give  it 

A  NAVf  4ABLB  PORT 

as  an  outlet,  and  prevent  much  un- 
favorable leginlation  that  might  occur, 
were  ita  navigation  ayatem  under  the 
ohnvi  of  perhaps  competitive  legisla- 
tion, ducn  an  enlargement  as  above 
suggested,  would  be  moat  Just,  aa  by 
the  terms  of  the  recent  settlement  of 
the  weatern  fcouudariea  of  Ontario, 
Manitoba  is  thus  out  off*  from  any 
reaaonable  chance  of  any  Lake  Port  of 


MARKET  AND  CITY  HALL,  WINNIPEG.    aeepageX. 


Its  own,  for  the  shipment  of  Ita  pro- 1 
ducta.    Hhould  the  seeming  Justice  of  I 
Ibis  enlargement  be  carried  out,  giving 
Iwundarles   as   approximately  descri- 
bed, Manitoba  would  then  become  a 

MABA.TIMB  PROVINOB, 

very  similar  in  Ita  position,  with  Hud- 
son Bay  navigation,  to  the  State    of 
Louisiana  witu  the  navigation  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico;  aa  a  n-aln   and    emi- 
grant route,  by  ita  cooler  atmoaphere 
with  much  in  ita  favor  over  the  torrid  j 
temperature  of  the  Gulf  route,  l>esldea 
leaving  a  properly  portioned   area   fori 
another    Province    weat   of  the  105th ' 
degree    of  longitude,   east   of  British 
Columbia  and  south  of  the  60th  parallel  I 
of  latitude,  with  the  pnsent  territorial  j 
capital   of  Baltleforu,  well  within  Its  j 
limits,  for  awhile  at  least,  to  remaia  Ita 
political  centre.  I 

CAUSES  THAT  ABE   FORCING  EMI- 
eBATION  WEST. 

Bight  here  I  would  say  that  want  of 
space  a'one  prevents  my  giving  an 
array  of  facts  bearing  on  this  auoject 
thav  would  be  a  aurprise  to  most  of 
my  readers.  Hence  do  not  think  be- 
cause I  may  make  only  aasertiona 
that  it  ia  frcm  a  want  of  a  convincing 
amount  of  facts  that  they  are  not 
given  here. 

A  g  reat  portion  of  the  population  iu 
the  older  States  la  Berioualy  and  per- 
manently affected  by  the  constant  in- 
troduction of  new 

LABOR-SAYINO    HAOHINBBY. 

Thia  holds  good  in  the  various  manu- 
factures of  metals,  as  well  as  textile 
fabrics— clotha,  etc.  In  fact  there  ia 
not  a  single  branch  of  manufacture  in 
which  labor-savipg  machinery  is  not 
being  constantly  Introduced.  Many 
braLches  in  the  last  ten  to  twenty 
years  have  been  entirely  revolution- 
ized. This  is  especially  so  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  clothing,  boots  aad  shoes, 
etc.  I  will  confine  myself  to  the  men- 
tion of  a  single  instance  to  show  what 
a  change  is  taking  place  in  manufac- 
turing. 

At  a  Social  Science  Convention  held 
in  May  last  (1878),  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
to  consider  this  labor  question,  the 
proprietor  of  an  old  and  large  woolen 
factory  in  the,cily  of  Philadelpbia 
read  a  paper  on  this  subject,  in  which 
he  said  that.during  the  last  five  years, 
such  had  been  the  improvement  in 
woolen  machinery  introduced  into 
thdir  mills  that  with  the  same  produc- 
tive capacity,  60  per  cent  or  one-ha  f 


of  bhfl  former  number  of  their  opera- 
tives in  1872  had  been  supplanted. 

Similar  statements  were  the  e  made 
by  all  kinds  of  manufacturers 
toroughout  the  States ;  and  still  new 
and  improved  machines  adapted  lo  all 
kinds  of  manufactures  are  constantly 
being  invented  and  pat  in  use.  As  a 
result,  at  least on»-third;of  the  preaent 
number  of  mechanics  and  factory  op- 
eratives mu»t  go  elsewhere. 

The  poorest  feeling  mon  in  the 
States  for  the  past  Ave  yearp  have  been 
thoee  whose  property  was  In  cash. 
They  have  not  dared  to  touch  real  es- 
tate, mortgages,  railway,  bank  or  in- 
surance stocks,  wi^h  rates  of  Interest 
constantly  growin)^  less,  until  it  now 
seems  as  though  4  per  cent  would  be 
all  they  could  get  for  amounts  of  any 
size.  As  evioence  of  this  see  the 
ami/unt  of  our  4  per  cent  United 
States  bonds  taken,  mainly  by  our 
own  people,  in  the  first  00  days  of  this 
year,  folly  9350,000,000.    Hence 

THK    CAPITALISTS 

are  now  looking  for  deairable  Western 
polnta,  to  come  with  their  families 
and  capital.  In  Manitoba  interest 
when  not  mentioned  is  six  per  cent, 
but  it  can  be  written  to  twenty  per 
cent  and  be  lawful. 
fBy  the  building  up  of  large  and 
small  wholesale  centres  all  over  the 
West,  and  the  customs  bonding  sys- 
tem, wher«l)y  foreign  goods  landed  at 
our  ocean  ports  can  be  transgajted  in 
bond  to  custom  houses  in  our  W3Stem 
cities  before  paying  the  duties,  and 
other  causes,  among  which  are  throngb 
rates  of  freight  to  and  from  Western 
cities  to  Liverpool  and  oth«r  Enro- 
pf  an  porta,  the  area  of  country  form- 
erly tributary  to  the  wholesale  trade 
in  our  seaboard  c!ties  is  being  re- 
stricted so  that  at  least  one  third  of 

THE  WHOLESALE    MEB0HANT8 

ih  those  cities  are  now  looking  fot 
new  trade  ceatres,  and  where  can  they 
find  them  but  in  the  new  and  growing 
West  and  Nor t!i west? 

These  facta,  britfly  mentioned,  show 
that  all  dassetj,  the  capitalist,  mer- 
chant and  laborer,  in  the  old  States, 
are  anxiously  wishing  to  make 
changes,  not  only  of  their  business  lo- 
cation, but  their  families  and  homes. 
I  1  rgrot  that  I  have  not  the  space  to 
speak  of  the  subject  ac  fully  as  the 
qurstion  demands. 

What  holds  good  on  this  subject  in 
the  older  States  aqd  Provinces  of  Can- 
ada also  exists,  Inlt  greater  degree  U 
anything,  not  only  in  Great  Britain 


IMJ 


PACIFIC  HOTEL.  WINNIPEG.  MANITOBA.    Bee  Fege'Jti. 


but  all  over  Continental  Europe,  and 
the  same  result  must  and  will  follow, 
▼Jz:  A  large  proportion  of  the  popu- 
lation mujt  cbange  their  location. 

Where  can  they  safely  take  their 
families,  in  regard  to  health  alone  V 
Certainly  not  to  the  tropical,  but  the 
cooler  temperate  climate  of  the  New 
World,  within  the  United  StutM  or 
Canada. 

WHO    SEOULD    COlfE? 

Well,  about  the  first  men  who 
■hoald  start  are  the  EngllBh  tecvnt 
farmers,  who  are  paying  to  da^  £8  to 
SB  (tlS  to  $40)  per  acre  annual  land 
rent.  The  population  of  the  Island  of 
Great  Britain  proper— England.  Wales 
and  Scotland— is  about  22,n00,00O, 
while  all  the  lands  south  of  ttie  ex- 
treme  mountainous  parts  of  Scotland 
are  held  by  less  than  30,000  landown- 
ers. What  is  the  use  of  the  farmer 
staying  there,  without  the  ghost  of  a 
chance  of  getting  an  acre,  and  paying 
anch  prices  for  farm  lands  to  some 
one  else,  who  does  not  thank  you,  but 
treats  you  as  though  he  was  doing  you 
a  great  favor,  when  by  coming  to  the 
Canadian  Northwest  the  father  and 
every  one  of  his  sons  of  18  years  and 
over  can  get  a 

FREE    IIOHESTBAD, 

ot  100  acres,  for  nothing,  by  simply 
living  on  it  three  years  and  making 
small  improvements,  and  preempt 
(that  is,  get  land  on  three  years' cremt 
without  interest)  160  acres  more,  with 
also  the  privilege  of  making  a  tree- 
claim  of  leo  acrts  at  no  cost  but  the 
setting  out  ten  acres  of  trees  it  six 
years?  After  that  he  can  buv  more 
land  at  four  shillings  or  one  dollar  per 
acre.  To  give  a  better  idea  of  the  size 
of  180  acres  of  land  I  would  say  it  is  a 

FARM  TWO  MILB8  AROUND. 

A  widow,  the  head  of  a  family,  be  It 
more  or  less,  has  the  same  land  rights 
in  Canada  as  a  male  of  18  years  or 
over.  The  Government  that  offers  this 
is  the  same  as  the  one  you  are  now 
living  under,  and  the  same  flag  will  be 
over  you.  It  is  "ihe  only  part  of  the 
world  under  the  British  flag  where 
you  can  get  free  prairie  farms  readv 
for  the  plow,  and  in  a  climate  that  for 
healthfulness  far  exceeds  Old  Eng- 
land. 

THE   OAPWALIST 

should  come,  for  he  oan  get  high  and 


safe  rates  of  Interest,  and  make  money 
in  other  ways,  even  if  he  does  not 
want  t  farm.  He  can  live  in  the 
larger  places,  where  social,  church  and 
school  facilities  are  good  enough  for 
any  one. 

THE  KRRCBANT,  1- 

especially  thelwhoksale  mau,  should 
come,  because  it  is  a  new  and  growing 
country  and  will  be  much  nearer  prof- 
itable paving  trade  than  remaining  in 
the  old  cities. 

THE  HANTXrAeTUBBR  •      '"''" 

should  come,  because  he  is  near  the 
consumer,  nearer  raw  materials,  and, 
being  where  breadstuffs  are  raised,  his 
operatives  san  live  cheaper. 

TUB  POOBlMAN 


should  come,  because  in  no  way  on 
earth  can  he  get  what  we  all  covet— a 
home  and  self- ownership— 30  easily. 
From  his  homestead,  which  the  Gov- 
ernment will  give  all  settlers,  he  will 
always  be  sure  of  a  roof  over  his  head 
and  food  for  his  family  after  the  first 
year  or  two. 

By  the  railways  and  othjr  avenues 
of  transportation  that  now  have 
reached  Manitoba,  and  will  soon  be  all 
over  the  Canadian  Northwest,  can  the 
settler  soon  have  low  rates  or  freight 
to  Eastern  markets  for  his  produce, 
and  ihese  rates  will  always  be  getting 
less  as  new  routes  are  opened  up  east 
from  Manitoba.  This  is  the  universal 
experience  of  all  new  countries  as 
they  grow  older,  and  for  an  especial 
reason  why  this  will  be  so  in  the  Can- 
adian Northwest  seo  the  account  of 
the  superb  water  system,  under  the 
head  of  "Navigation,"  preceding  this. 
A  word  more.  Do  not  consider  this  a 
remote,  oat-of-tho-way  section,  for  the 
evening  dally  papers  of  Winnipeg 
publish  the  telegraphic  English,  Eu- 
ropean and  United  States  news  of  the 
same  day. 

In  no  place  is  capital  as  safely  re- 
numerative,  as  in  deciJed  and  fixed 
new  sections.  There  is  every  thing 
to  be  done  and  the  people  there  can, 
do  and  will  pay  higher  rates  of  inter- 
est, than  in  older  sections.  What  cap- 
italists want  to  do  is  to  come  out,  look 
at  the  country,  find  vChat  places  are 
fixed  natural  points  and  sure  of  a  pros- 
perous growth,  then  settle  themselves 
aad  quietl>  watch  their  opportunities. 
In  the  mean  time  keep  a  close  mouth 
as  to  whether  they  have  any  money  or 


not,  In  other  words  kaep  their  bail- 
neM  to  themsalves,  and  opportunities 
perfectly  satisfying  to  them  will  soon 
be  presented.  By  so  doing  their  op- 
portunities for  learning  the  true  in- 
wardness of  anv  plac«  will  be  increas- 
ed and  they  will  save  themselves  much 
annoyance  that  thev  will  otherwise  be 
troubled  with.  The  class  that  new 
sections  really  present 

aOOD  OPBNINQS  FOR 

are  those  men  who  are  comfortably 
fixed  themselves,  who  have  a  growing 
family  particularly  o;  Imys,  and  who 
wish  to  have  their  families  grow  up 
and  settle  about  them,  which  I  think 
in  natural  to  all  parents.     Now  a  davs 
in    old  sections  it  is  almost   certain 
that  the  bovs  will  strav  away  and  most 
of  them  to  the  west.    Now.  it  is  mnch 
better    for  the  father  to  sell  out  his 
high  p^<  led  land,  come  to  the  new  seo- 
lion,  take  up  the  cheap  acres,  home- 
steads &o.,  enough  for  all  his  boys,  and 
thus  enable  them   to  grow  up  about 
the  home  nest;  this  is  wiser  and  bet- 
ter for  all,  than  for  the  sake  of  a  few 
years    more  of    present  comfort   to 
fin<*  themselves  •  one  in  middle  life 
c     Id  age  with  more  or  less  of  their 
jub  drifting  about  away  from  them. 
While  for  the  daughters  there  is  no 
comparison  between  the  two  sections 
In  the  chances  they  wiil  have  to  get 
husbands  that  car  give  them  homes  of 
their  own,  and  all  the  independence 
that  such  possessions  give  them  and 
theirs.    Such  men  should  come   out 
and  see  If  these  things  are  not  so.  Ed- 
ucational facilities  are  attainable  any- 
where, if  not,  it  IS  largely  the  fault  of 
the  settlers  for  the  munificence  of  the 
school   grant  of  Manitoba  is  ample 
enough  for  all,  if  rightly  managed. 
Again  the  sons  growing  up  with  such 
surroundings  and  settled  prospects, 
will  escape  much  more  of  the  foppery 
^nd  unsettled  views  of  life,  than  in 
older  sections  that  show  no  openings 
except  clerkships  &c. 

To  those  who,  on  reaching  here  will 
have  nothing  left  but  their  hands,  if 
they  will  bear  in  mind  that  to  create 
a  visible  something,  from  an  invisible 
nothing,  is  a  divine  power,  and  that 
the  odds  are  against  them  though  not 
as  largely  as  in  the  old  sections;  and 
will  accept  and  hen  the  disadvanta- 
ges they  labor  under,  oe  cheerful,  hope- 
ful, industrious  and  prove  themselves 
reliable — such  men  are  wanted  every- 
where and  in  no  place  more  than  m 
the  new  settlements.  In  such  pla- 
ces this  kind  of  men  never  fail 
thi°  but  few  of  them  do  so,  hence  the 
Northwest  is  not  to-day  short  of  good 
for  nothings,  but  men  of  the  latter 
kind  coming  out  here  will  find  moat 
discouraging  competition  in  that  line. 


MANUrAOTURBB 

of  all  kinds  will  be  wanted,  and  will 
have  the  great  cost  of  transportion 
from  present  manufacturing  oenters, 
the  customs,  duties  eto.,  as  extra  aids. 
The  more  primary  or  simple  w..ntBwlM 
need  supply  in  the  new  sections  °ud 
the  more  costly  and  nice,  as  ihey  grow 
older.  As  all  the  people  come  from  old, 
well  settled  and  well  furnished  homes, 
so,  too,  will  they  have  ai>out  them  here, 
all  those  little  home  luxuries  they 
once  had,  such  possession  and  purchase 
being  only  a  matter  of  time.  But 
those  who  come  thinking  to  live  by 
their  wits,  I  care  not  into  what  new 
section  they  may  go,  will  find  some 
there  ahead  of  tnem  who  in  that 
worthless  employment  can  double  dis- 
count them.  For  persons  of  delicate 
constitutions,  or  poor  health,  there  is 
no  place  on  this  green  earth  where 


ir  but- 

tunltlM 

rill    Boon 

hetr  op- 
truii  tn- 

^eamuoh 
irwUe  b« 
bat  new 


afortably 
growing 
and  who 
grow  up 

1  think 
}W  a  days 
t  certain 
and  most 
t  Is  mnob 
II  out  hla 
)  new  seo- 
res,  home- 
boys,  and 
up  about 
r  and  bet- 
B  of  a  few 
imfort   to 
aiddle  life 
IB  of  their 
rom  them, 
here  is  uo 
o  aeotlons 
kve  to  get 
u  homes  of 
iependenoe 
)  them  and 
come  out 
not  Bo.  Ed- 
Inable  any- 
he  fault  of 
eace  of  the 
»  is  ample 
r  managed. 
}  with  such 

prospects, 
the  foppery 
(e,  than  in 
10  openings 


IMJ 


g  here  will 
r  hands,  if 

to  create 
in  invisible 

and  that 
though  not 
«tions ;  and 
disadvanta- 
serful.hope- 
themselves 
mted  every- 
ire  than  in 
1  such  pla- 
never  fail 
,  hence  the 
lort  of  good 

the  latter 

find  most 
n  that  line. 


k1,  and  will 
trans  portion 
Ing  centers, 

extra  aids. 
eWi',ntBMrin 
ectioDtt  Slid 

they  grow 
me  from  old, 
hed  homes, 
t  them  here, 
xurles  they 
nd  purchase 
time.  But 
;  to  live  by 

wliat  new 
1  find  some 
rho  in  that 

double  dis- 

of  delicate 
ilth,  there  is 
sarth  where 


they  wlU  ItTeout  all  their  days  as  here. 
It  does  Beem  HtranKe  to  me,  that 
Manitoba  aiul  thtii  gr«*at  northwest 
does  not  All  up  with  grpster  rapidity 
than  It  does,  when  this  fait  Is  knowu; 
it  it  tht  only  neHion  under  tha  British 
flag,  in  which  fret  prairie  homM  in 
th»  healthiMt  aiimate  that  fit  g  U)a\M 
otMf,  are  given 

A  ROTAL  GIFT 

to  actual  settlors.  There  are  surely 
thoiisandfl  In  Oreat  BrltHin,  sons  or 
wealthy  farmers  and  tiadearaen,  sec- 
ond and  younger  sons  of  the  nobility 
as  well  as  foung  Ganadiana  who  can 
come  here  and  secOTe.  in  point  of  do- 
main, au  earldom. 

Now,  why  don't  they  come?  It 
must  be  because  of  their  Ignorance  of 
the  above  fact.  New  Zealand  Kives 
every  man  that  pays  his  own  passage 
40  acres,  while  if  he  wants  anymore 
it  costs  him  a  pound,  or  tlv'>  dollars  an 
»i;re.  The  Province  ox  Victoria  offers 
lands,  first  at  auction  at  an  upset  or 
starting  price  of  one  pound  per  acre. 
Auatrafia  uffera  to  ony  one  .lavIng  a 
lease  'rom  the  government  of  a  sheep 
run,  the  privilege  of  making  a  pre- 
emotion  of  040  acres,  on  which  tiielr 
buildingB  and  other  improvements 
may  be,  at  the  expiration  of  their 
lease,  but  he  must  pay  the  one  pound 
per  acre  at  the  expiration  of  his  pre- 
emption. While  here  he  has  his 
homestead  right  to  160  acres,  free,  his 

fire-emption  right  of  160  acren,  his 
ree  planting  riahcto  another  16i/ acres 
free,  while  If  he  wants  any  more,  he 
can  get  it  at  four  shillings  or  one  dol- 
lar per  acre.  Write  to  the  agent  of 
Dominion  Lands,  Donald  Coda,  Esq., 
at  Winntpe/,  Manitoba,  Canada,  for  a 
copy  of  the  land  laws  and  such  other 
information  as  is  desired,  inclosing 
proper  amount  of  postage  stamps,  and 
see  if  these  things  are  not  so.  For 
sheep  raising.  Australia  bears  no  com- 
parison to  this  section.in  healthful nesa 
of  the  animal  or  Oneness  of  the  wool, 
and  nearness  to  the  markets  of  thfi 
world.  While  one  does  not  have  to 
run  sny  of  the  dangers  of  itiolation 
that  be  does  in  those  diitant  PaciQc 
sections.  It  is  onlv  14  davs  from  Liv- 
erpool to  Winnipeg.  Freight  can 
come  through  this  season  in  20  days. 
While  by  tdegraph  one  in  Winnipeg 
can  coanect  with  his  home  in  the 
Britisb  lales  or  on  the  continent  any 
hour,  and  for  that  matter,  so  he  can 
for  •  thoosand  miles  west  of  Winni- 

The  climate  here  is  a  pe'  feet 

8ANITABIT7M   OF    HEALTH; 

Acclimating  diseases  need  not  be 
feared,  because  they  do  not  exist. 
BovB  of  18  years  old  have  homestead 
and  pre-emption  rights,  so  do  married 
women  who  are  the  sole  heads  of  fam- 
ilies. What  liberal  chances  are  thus 
given  to  the  British  subject  to  obtain 
homes,  under  the  sanne  old  flag  their 
fathers  and  their  forefathers  have 
lived  under.  It  is  far  more  lil)eral 
and  the  lands  are  cheaper  than  in  the 
United  States.  Thia  brings  me  to  the 
subject  of 

THB  QROWTWO  80AB0ITT 

of  cultivatable  public,  or  govern- 
ment; lands  in  the  United  States. 
Much  has  been  said  on  this 
subject,  but  the  following  is  a 
4hort  extract  from  a  long  article 
on  this  same  subject  from  the  New 
York  Tribune,  which  speaks  for  itself 
and  sooner  or  later  it  is  a  truth  the 
people  of  the  United  States  will  have 
to  face  and  admit- 

The   Tribune   has    always  been  a 
western  or  emigrating  paper,  though 


ASHDOWN'S    BLOCK,  WINNIPEG,  MANITOBA.    Bet  Page  27. 


published  in  New  York  City.  Its 
rounder,  Horace  Oreeley,  was  a  man 
who  in  his  day,  was  more  familiar 
with  the  West  and  its  resources  and 
opportunities,  than  any  other  eastern 
editor.  He  was  a  moat  philanthropic 
man,  and  when  applied  to  by  the 
young  men  of  the  crowded  east,  as  he 
very  often  was,  was  apt  to  give  them 
the  following  advice,  which  has  since 
grown  to  an  axiom,  "Go  Weat,  young, 
man,  and  grow  up  with  the  country. ' 

"The  days  ot  cheap,  fertile  farms  tor  all  who 
like  to  till  them  are  very  nearly  over.  The  tin- 
occupied  lands  of  the  Dominion  are  now  the  b  jst 
OD  the  eontlnent,  and  the  regions  In  which  theee 
are  to  be  found  are  by  tar  the  most  healthful  and 
attraottre.  The  climate  of  the  south  and  south- 
weat  Is  to  hot,  snd,  In  many  places  unhealthy 
for  the  full  development  ot  Anglo  Baions.wheth- 
er  In  physique  or  in  ment&l  energy  and  power. 
The  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  the  radons 
beyond  to  the  northwaet,  will  soon  be  all  that 
are  left  for  the  struiiRlIng  mllUona  Beelnar  west- 
ward and  still  westward  for  more  i-oom.  U  will 
take  some  time  for  tbose  fertile  rettlons  to  be 
also  niled  up,  but  uo  suob  long  period  that  ": 
would  be  impossible  to  calculate  when  It  will 
have  passed. 

In  tlie  States  tho  question  Is  already  »  living 
one  and  passes  for  an  answer ;  "Whal  Is  to  be 
done  with  the  ever-growtng  population,  with  no 
new  Unds  to  which  the  surplus  may  always 
move?"  By  the  end  of  this  century  the  popula- 
tion of  the  states  will  be  far  on  to  eluhty  millions, 
and  these  will  occupy  8llbsU^ntlally  the  same 
stretch  ot  oulilvatable  Belds  which  the  present 
forty  millions  do." 

THE    ROUTES 

to  Manitoba  from  the  States.  Where 
an  all  rail  "oute  la  desired,  take  any  of 
the  railway  lines  coming  to  St.  Paul, 
Minneaota,  then  the  Saint  Paul  and 
Paciflc  Railway,  the  only  railway 
forming  a  connection  with  the  south- 


ern branch  of  the  Cani>dian  Paoiflo 
Riilway  to  Winnipeg;  or,  one  can 
take  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railway 
at  Chicago  or  Milwaukee  to  Lake  Su- 
perior at  Ashland,  and  then  by  boat, 
close  connection  being  always  made, 
70  miles  to  Dulutb,  there  connecting 
with  the  Northern  PaciQc  westward 
to  Glyndon,  where  the  N.  P.  crosses 
the  SL  P  &  P.  Those  from  the  States 
desiring  to  go  by  lake,  can  take  a  daily 
line  ot  steamers  from  Buffalo,  that 
call  at  Erie,  Oterelaod,  I>«troit,  BcmH 
St.  Mary.  Marquette,  etc..  to  Duluth, 
or  by  Canadian  lake  steamers  also  to 
Duluth. 

The  Canadians  desiring  all  rail 
would  take  the  International  and 
Qrand  Trunk  Ritlwaya  to  Toronto  at 
leait,  and  then  take  the  choice  of 
either  continuing  on  the  Grand  Trunk 
or  take  the  Great  Western  Railway 
via  Hamilton  and  the  many  beautiful 
cities  and  towns  to  D  >trolt,  where  the 
Grand  Trunk  also  runs,  both  railways 
from  there  roing  to  Chicago  over  that 
"boss''  railway  of  the  States,  the 
Michigan  Central,  and  so  to  St.  Paul. 
Or,  Canadians  desiring  to  go  by  lake 
can,  at  Toronto,  take  the  Northern 
Biilway  to  Collingwood,  80  miles,  and 
there  boats  through  to  Duluth; 
though  they  can  make  connectioss 
with  either  another  Oanadian  line  or 
the  American  lines  from  Detroit  or 
Sarnla  by  either  the  Grand  Trunk  or 
Great  Western  Railways,  as  above. 
But  by  taking  the  C'>llingwood  boats 
bad  weather  on  Lake  Huron  is  obvi- 
ated and  much  flue  scenery  obtained. 


MERCHANTS'  BANK  OF  CANADA,  WINNIPEG,  MANITOBA. 


tm  the  latter  line  runs  through  the 
bays  and  among  the  islands  that  lay 
along  the  eastarn  and  noitberu  chores 
of  Lake  Huron  instead  of  Tunniu^  out 
into  and  through  the  middle  of  the 
lake  as  the  boats  of  the  other  lines  do. 

THE  CITY  or  WINNI- 
PEG 

was  ineorporated  by  act  of  Parliament 
on  the  8th  of  November  1873.  The  first 
election  for  Mayor  and  Aldermeu  was 
held  on  the  5th  of  January  1874 
Francis  Evans  Corn  ih  ^ras  elected  the 
flist  mavor.  The  pi  at  Mayor,  Alex- 
ander LoKan,  E^q.,  was  elected  last 
Januaiy,  as  were  also  the  following 
Aldermen:  J.  H.  Ashdown.  W.  R 
AUoway,  S.  Blanc^ard,  E.  G.  Conklln, 
Alex.  Brown,  A.  F.  Eden,  Mark  For- 
tune, J.  B.  More,  Alex.  McArthur, 
Bobert  Strang,  D.  Young,  A.  Wright. 
The  present  eflSeieat  city  clerk,  Mr. 
A.  M.  Brown,  was  the  first  regular  city 
clerk,  he  having  lK3en  app  inted  on  the 
2d  of  February  1874.  The  sound 
condition  or  the  city,  its  peace 
and  good  order,  show  that  its 
management  ia  in  goo<l  hands,  and 
that  its  police  is  not  exc«'lle<l  by  any  city 
in  the  States  or  old  Provinces.  It  is 
in  fact  Bomethiug  wonderful  when  we 
consider  the  great  numbers  of  trad.'rs, 
their  assistants  and  drivers,  that  o.nly 
come  in  where  the  dissipations  of  civi- 
lized life  are  obtainable  once  in  one  or 
more  years.  During  the  nearly  seven 
weeks  of  my  visit,  in  1877,  right  In  the 
heighth  of  their  distant  trading  seasoa, 
I  never  saw  a  single  street  fight  or 
knew  of  a  single  drop  of  bio  >d  being 
shed. 


The  City  Oovernment  is  divided  into 
the  following 

DEPARTMENTS : 

Finance,  board  of  works,  markets, 
licenses  and  police,  fire,  water  and 
lights,  ilre  inspector,  board  of  health, 
cemetery  committee.  His  Worship  the 
Mayor  is  ex  officio  member  of  all  the 
committees,  and  he  looks  after  them 
well.  The  department  I  noticed  with 
the  greatest  pleasure  was  that  of  fire, 
water  and  lights,  baring  in  charge 
the  Fire  Department,  which  is  very 
efficient,  consisting  of  two  fine  Silsbee 
Steamers,  four  hose  rt  Is,  2,000  feet  of 
the  best  8-ply  rubber  hose,  a  hook  and 
ladder  truck  complete.  The  brigade 
consie>ts  of  46  men.  The  two  engi- 
neers are  constantly  on  dutv  as  well 
as  the  horses.  Beven  lat.  e  tanks 
are  scattered  about  its  business 
streets,  beside  their  never  falling  riv- 
er supplies.  These  tanks  are  kept 
constantly  filled  and  are  never  allowed 
to  get  low  or  empty.  Fighting  fire 
with  them  is  a  vital  business  and  they 

Crovide  themselves  accordingly.  Their 
usiness  streets  are  now  oeeoming 
very  much  protected  from  any  ex- 
tended fires,  by  the  frequent  erection 
of  substantial  brick  blocks,  of  which 
we  give  quite  a  number  of  views, 
though  not  all  by  any  means.  We  give 
an  engraving  of  ^he  beautiful  new  en- 
gine house,  over  a  part  of  which  the 
first  and  second  engineers  will  reside. 
Few  more  complete  fire  department 
bnildings  than  this,  are  to  be 
found  in  any  city.  The  public  schools 
of  Winnipeg  are  an  honor  to  her.  I 
see  by  the  last  City  Auditor's  report 
that  there  was  paid  nearly  $6,000 
for  their  support  iu  1876.     In  1877 


c 


they  built  two  rtry  &&•  Mbo<rt  balld- 
Ings,  of  one  of  which  we  give  a 
fine  view.  It  has  a  fine  frar-aore  lot. 
the  building  Itself  Is  of  brick,  and 
cost  some  Su.ooo.  Its  architecture  and 
interior  arrangement  are  very  0ne. 
Thev  have  also  built  another 
smaller  one,  that  haa  a  nice 
playground  of  half  an  acre.  This 
cost  some  $4,000.  It  la  of 
the  same  .^ne  arohiteoture.  The 
distance  wbtoh  the  people  of 
Winnipeg  at  present  feel  them- 
selves to  be  from  the  ola-ea- 
tablished  educational  institutions  of 
the  East,  and  a  desire  to  have  their 
children  educate  at  home,  mak<- 
them  unusually  a  live  to  the  early 
providing  of  this  great  privilege. 
These  city  schools  are  free,  and  it 
should  be  borne  In  mind  are  in  uddi- 
tion  to  the  colleges  heretofore  spoken 
of,  views  of  which  we  a'so  give  our 
readtsrs.  The  city  churches  are  nu- 
merous, pad  though  as  yet  of  rather 
plain  architecture,  as  became  the 
means  of  those  who  built  them,  are 
still  neat  and  In  good  repair,  and  what 
Is  more,  are  well  filleu.  all  having  quite 
flourishing  Sunday  schools.  The  peo- 
ple of  Winnipeg  are  grsat  ohurch- 
§oers,  and  no  old  city  anows  a  better 
abbath  observance. 

The  Presbyterians  are  lust  finishing 
a  very  handsome  brick  church,  with  a 
beartlful  spire.  Its  architecture  is 
very  choice  and  harmonious  in  its  pro- 

ortions  and  omati^entation,  a  credit 

its  architect. 

The  Citholics  are  about  erecting  a 
church  that  will  be.  I  am  told,  much 
finer  even  than  the  Presbyterian. 

Toe  building  improvements  in  this 
city  last  year  (1878)  were,  at  a  low  es- 
tima»e,  at  least  «200,0()0— included  in 
which  were  many  nice  dwellings. 

The  population  of  Wlnnloeg  in  1870 
was,  according  to  a  census  tnen  taken, 
868;  in  187&  it  was  some  2,200;  it  now 
has  a  plump  10.000.  Since  I  was  there 
in  187a  I  see  a  wonderful  growth  in 
every  way.  Then  there  were  but  two 
brick  buildings:  now  there  are  scores 
of  them,  and  of  firo  quality. 
Brick  in  ordinary  seasons 
is  cheaper  than  lumber.  One 
evidence  of  this  was  the  great  number 
of  small  or  cheaper  ilwellings  that  I 
saw  built  of  them,  besides  the  numer- 
ous business  and  public  buildings. 
The  Dominion  government  has  built 
here  some  very  fine  brick  buildings,  of 
which  we  give  some  views.  The  cus- 
tom house,  the  land  office,  the  post- 
offlce,  would  ornament  the  streets  of 
any  metropolitan  city.  The  city  hall 
and  market,  of  which  we  give  a  view, 
is  a  fine,  substantial  brick  buildi  jg, 
that  cost  some  866,000.  The  lower 
floor  is  used  for  the  council  room,  city 
offices,  lock-up  and  market,  while  the 
second  floor  has  a  very  fine  hall,  also 
rooms  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian 
associations.  Few  young  cities  are  so 
well  and  liberally  side  and  cross- 
walked. 

The  street  views  of  to-day,  which  we 
give  our  readers,  particularly,  when 
compared  with  a  iew  of  the  same 
imace  taken  in  [181 1,  will  show  better 
than  any  words  of  mine  the  wonderful 
growth  of  this  marvelous  young 

GATE  CITV  OP  THE 
NORTHWEST. 

Then  there  are  tb-  closely-built 
blocks  of  business  bouser  ,  The  largest 
dealers  are  of  course  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  who  have  the.  main  depot 
of  supplies  in  this  city,  tb  j  same  being 
in  Fort  Garry,  on  the  north  bank  or 
the  Asslnebolne,  at  the  foot  or  south 
end  of  Main  street. 


ool  balld- 
B  Kive  a 
r-aore  lot. 
rtck,  and 
ictureHod 
rery  fine, 
another 
a  nic« 
n.  Thia 
la  of 
ra.  The 
Bople  of 
b1  them- 
e  old-ea 
;utlon8  of 
ave  their 
De,  mak<- 
the  early 
privilege, 
e,  acd  it 
re  in  tkldi- 
>re  spoken 
)  iiive  our 
8  are  nu- 
of  rather 
came  the 
them,  are 
,  and  what 
vingquice 
The  peo- 
,t  ohuroh- 
T»  a  better 

t  finishing 
rob,  with  a 
itecture  ia 
I  In  its  pro- 
n,  a  credit 

erecting  a 
told,  mnob 
erian. 
ints  in  this 
;  a  low  es- 
ncluded  in 
IlinpB. 
peg  in  1870 
ihen  taken, 
!00;  it  now 
was  there 
growth  in 
re  but  two 
are  scores 
quality, 
seasons 
ler.       One 
»t  number 
Ings  that  I 
he  numer- 
buildings. 
I  bas  built 
lildings,  of 
The  ous- 
tbe  post- 
streets  of 
e  city  hall 
ive  a  view, 
build*  jg. 
The   lower 
room,  city 
,  while  the 
e  hall,  also 
Christian 
ities  are  so 
ind    cross- 

',  which  we 
arly,  when 

the  same 
how  better 

wonderful 
oung 

THE 
T. 

osely-built 
The  largest 
udson  Bay 
nain  depot 
same  being 
;h  bank  of 
>t  or  south 


■ML 


rSi. 


LYON'8   ULOCK. 


THE  PRIVATE  MER- 
CHANTS 

of  this  city  eajl)race  many  who  in 
point  of  capital,  business  ability  end 
amount  of  uusineas  transactions  will 
be  a  surprise  to  any  visitor.  I  bave 
space  to  mention  only  a  few  of  them, 
and,  in  doing  so,  I  claim  they  ire  as 
much  the  exponents  of  the  resources 
of  the  country  as  the  farmer  or  manu- 
facturer. The  one  8tau(<ing  confess- 
edly at  the  head  is 

W.  H.  LYON,     '  •   ' 

exclualirely  wholesale  groceries,  a  view 
of  whose  line  block  is  presented  here- 
in, and  who  tn  amount  of  sales  is 
claiaed  Ly  many  to  very  nearly  equal 
the  H.  B  Co.  Mr.  Lyon  wad  bom  in 
the  state  of  New  York,  and  came  here 
"to  fortune  and  fame  unknown,"  in 
1859,  bringing  willing  hands  and  a  de- 
termined miud.  He  began  a  trade  in 
furs  in  1800  and  in  1803  went  into  gen- 
eral merr^haudising,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued until  1877,  when  he  went  into 
exclusive  wholesale  groceries,  which 
business  he  looks  t<>  increasing  large- 
ly. It  at  present  extends  from  Fort 
McCloud  1200  miles  west,  to  Ft.  Fran- 
cis 250  miles  east  and  north  as  far 
as  any  private  trade.  Beside  these 
two  stores,  which  are  56x80,  with 
basement  complete,  he  has  several 
warehouses,  giving  a  very  large  stor- 
age capacity,  that  at  all  times  he 
keeps  full  and  active.  He  has  never 
been  in  public  life  (save  in  the  City 
Council,  where  his  cool,  practical  head 
has  done  much  towards  puttiUK  the 
city  in  its  present  soimJ  financial  con- 
dition), but  has  stuck  right  to  bus- 
iness, though  no  one  is  more  prompt 
to  respond  to  any  public  movement. 
He  is  square,  prom  pi  and  energetic  in 
business,  quick  in  trade  and  all  busi- 
ness actions.  He  stands  on  the  thresli - 
hold  of  a  magnificent  trade,  favored 
with  a  strong  physique,  of  a  genial, 
even  nature  and  is  a  man  that  will 
wear  well  and  always  win  and  hold 
frien^^  which  is  the  one  great  secret 
of  me.cantiio  success,  lie  sells  a  large 
amount  of  goods  in  Northern  Minne- 
sota and  Dakota,  ordering  from  the 
United  States  markets  di.'ect  to  that 
section. 


In  nsssing  down  Main  strnet,  the 
most  prominent  business  block  that 
meets  the  eye  of  the  stranger  is  the 
due  brick  store  of 

J.  n.  ASHDOWN, 

»  ho  is  the  pioneer  by  some  two  years 
in  the  hardware,  stove  and  tin  Dusi- 
nesR.  which  he  started  in  a  small  way 
in  1800.     He  came  by  the  old   trail 
from  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  nearly  600 
miles,  bring;  g  his  stock  in  Red  river 
ox  carts,  theu  the  only  means  of  trans- 
portation for  the  entire  distance.    He 
was  20  days  on   the  route,  walking 
nearly  the    entire  distance.    Shortly 
after  commencing  businesp,  he  built  a 
large    frame  store  of    two    stories. 
Sticking  right  to  buslnesp,  without  a 
partner,  such  was  his  success  that  in 
'75    he   built  his    present  line  block 
which  will  bedoublel  the  present  year 
and  be  used  as  show  room  for  stoves, 
harvest  tools,  gas  ilttiugs,  etc.,  ana 
the  rear  room  for  bar  iron  and  other 
heavy  goods.     The  size  of  his  store 
will  then  be  56x100  fett,  three  stories 
and  full  basement.     He  has  several 
warehouses  besides.   Besides  his  pres- 
ent    building,    which    he    occupies 
fully,     be      has    two      large    sepa- 
rate warehouses  and  tno  vacant  lots 
covered  with  rr^pers,  mowerp,  horse 
rakes       and       plows,      while       the 
buildings  are  filled  with  every  thing 
In  tools,  hardware,  iron,  nails,  naval 
storts,  laints,   oils,   stoves   &o.    The 
gales  room  and  olBces  on  the  9rst  floor 
of  his  brick  block  are  nicely  fitted  up 
and  convey  a  correct  impression  of  the 
immense  business  done  by  him.    The 
basement  is  filled  with  extra  stoves 
and  nails,  the  second  floor  with  shelf 
hardware  in  stoclr,  the  third  floor  with 
tin  ard  sheet  iron  stock,  also  as  work 
shop  for  making  stove  pipe  I'astove 
trimmings  ard  tin  wars  generally,  of 
which  tie  sales  are  very  large  for  both 
family  and  camp  nse.    Llr.  Ashdown, 
though  still  j'ounp',  being  under  87  and 
in  possession  of  very  ample  capital  atd 
fine  beallh.  It  els  au  Ihougii  he  was  on- 
ly just    getting  well  started  has   ts- 
chewtd  active  pelltic,  r.ever  stecala- 
ted  in  real  estate  or  any  thing  outside, 
but  accumulated  his  capital  and  trade 


by  a  mr  wtamrwmtir*  mad  atiickad- 
htmcoe  to  hlslegltimat*  buslneak 

5TOBART.  KUKN  A  CO. 

were  originally  atarted  aa  a  oommiMloa 
agency  tor  the  pi; ''ate  traders  hfre,  of 
the  [.ondon,  EnglanJ  house  ot  F.  E. 
Ker  /k  Co.    Mr.    Kew    Hrst    visited 
this     proTinoe    in    1862,    ihough    he 
had    pnTioualy    been  doing  a  large 
order     Mid       commission     busluraa 
for    ib»     Umdor^       in     the      i.orth- 
weit.      To    tacLicftte    his     bustneaa 
transaetlona,  he  that  year  established 
an  agency  In  Ht.  I'aul,  Mi^llCsotl^  but 
ill  IHi^O  be  removed  it  to  Winnipeg.  In 
1M71  Mr.  D.  W.  Stobart  became  ii  res'- 
ilt-iil  partner  here,  and  they  enlarged 
Uieir  buslneas  to  a  generaJ  Bioclr  of 
<liy   good*,  groceries    und    crockery. 
That    Mune      year       Mr.       Stoburt 
took    charge     of    a    large    trading 
«x[iedltlon  through  tlie   west,  estftl? 
iiahMd  several    trH<iing    posts,    with 
headquarters  on  the  Saskatchewan.  In 
1875  iliey  bought  out  the  reta"  trading 
and     outfitting     business    jf    Owen 
lluglies  &  Co.    Mr.  Huohts  was  em- 
ployed by  this  firm  to  proceed  north  to 
establish  trading  posts  to  the  north  of 
Lake  Winnipeg,  along  the  Nelson  riv- 
er to  Hudson  bay,  which  he  did,  fixing 
his  heaidquarters  at  Crors  Lake,  on 
Nelson  river.    In  1876  Mr.  A.  F.  Eden 
took  charge  of  the  general  manage- 
ment of  the  Winnipeg    house.      In 
Sent.,    1877     Mr.     Kew   retired,   Mr. 
Euen  wu  admlttul    and    the    pres- 
ent   firm    established.       Thla    firm 
now  has  an  immense  trade  through 
the  above  named  sections,  being  toe 
largeat  fur  dealers  in  the  Province 
outsid*  rl  the  Hudson  Bay  Company, 
while  their  general    <^  iiolesale    and 
retaiJ  trade    at    Win.    peg    is     very 
heavy.    They  still  keep  up  their  ship- 
pin  ;  and  commission  Xondon  agency 
under  th?  change  of  Messrs.  Fejwlck 
&  Co ,  Abchurcb  Yard,  London,  E.  C. 
They  occupy  both  of  their  brick  stores 
from  basement  up — their  dry   goods 
store  being  38«  100,  and  their  ^     eery 
and  crockery  store  26x70.  Their  offices 
on  the  2d  floor  of  the  dry  goods  store, 
which  bas  a  handsomer  retail  room 
than  any  in  St.  P.iul,  are  elaborately 
fitted  up  ia  fancy  hard    woods,  etc. 
We  present  a  view  of  their  front,  which 
is  59  feet  wide. 

Among  the  drr  goods  establishments 
of  the  city,  the  firm  of 

R.  OERRI E  *  00. 

occupies  a  leading  position,  as  the  on- 
ly exslusively  dry  gotds  firm  in  the 
Province.  Their  new  store,  just  coui- 
pleted,  on  the  east  side  of  Main  street 
near  the  City  Hall,  a  view  of  which  is 
given,  shows  a  character  and  business 
second  to  none  In  the  Pro/ince;  while 
their,  success  acd  lapidly  increasing 
trade  »  another  example  of  what  tact, 
enterprise  and  energy  can  do  in  a  new 
country,  supplemented  with  a  due 
share  of  Scotch  caution  and  shrewd- 
nesa. 

With  a  businets  record  extending 
over  17  jearr,  ample  capital,  and 
a  flrst-class  credit  in  Europe  and  the 
United  States,  thty  have  been  enabled 
to  develop  a  large  wholesale  business, 
and  to  compete  succesefully  in  prices 

'th  eastern  houses.  Their  direct 
English  shipments  frequently 
roach  here  in  twenty-five  days  from 
date  of  shipment.    With  the  great  ex- 

Eanslon  ofwhich  the  country  is  capa- 
le,  it  is  safe  to  predict  for  this  firm  a 
prosperous  career  and  briliiant  future. 
Having  beeu  here  since  1873,  t^ey 
have  made  large  investments  in  lani, 
all  near  the  city,  and,  without  ques- 
tion, are  to-day  the   largest   private 


land  owoen  In  ili*  PrortnM.  With 
th«M  Bel'iotinni,  m»d«  amontr  th«  flnt, 
wh«n  pr'oM  wne  the  lowtvt,  they  c»n 
now  mail)  Mp^clally  fkvorablA  offer- 
InicB  to  th<i««  (iMir'nR  iiuge  traota  of 
on«  Ui  two  tbouaaiid  aorea  eaob. 
'jUfta  farms.  ■■  luooeaafully  proved 
iu  the  UnltcHt  Htatea.  abow  a  much 
larger  i>er  cent  of  proUt  than  U  poaal- 
bin  on  small  traota.  They  offer  the 
lands  in  lota  to  suit  to  only  actual  set- 
tlers, to  whom  liberal  terms  of  pay- 
ment will  be  Riven. 

AiaoQA  the  city  grooery  flrma  that 
of 

SNTDSB  *    VKDIBSON 

ataads  amons  the  oldest  and  most 
boijorable.  'fhey  came  here  in  1872. 
Mr.  Hnyder  came  frcn  New  York  and 
Mr.  Anderson  from  CbioaRo.  The 
firm  was  tlien  made  up  as  it  Is  to-day. 
Both  have  been  raised  In  the  niercan- 
til«  bn  uess,  and,  by  reliability  in 
fivery  v^ay,  have  built  up  a  l)UBinesB 
9.n  groMflea.  crockery,  provisions,  etc., 
that  gives  full  occupancy  to  two 
■tores  20x(K)  and  20x60.  Neither  have 
ever  been  in  politics—the  i)eeettlne 
•In  of  busineM  men,espeola<..  .^  new, 
live  towns— but,  bv  attending  right  to 
business,  which  is  done  In  a  most 
quiet  way,  they  now  have  a  line  trade, 
mottly  city,  that  sticks  to  them. 

DODD  *  CO., 

wholesale  and  retail  dealers  in  boots, 
■hoes,  leather,  shoe  flndinm,  etc., made 
np  their  present  firm  In  1875,  the  vear 
Mr.  McDonald  came  to  Winnipeg, 
though  Mr.  Dodd  had  been  here  since 
1872.  They  occupy  a  large  store  (20x 
80  with  warehouse)  nearly  opposite 
the  poetofflce.  They  alao  manufactut-e 
quite  largely,  and  do  tine  ".urk,  of 
which  they  make  a  Bpecially.  A  short 
time  since  they  bought  out  thp  whole- 
■ale  boot  and  sho,-)  stock  and  trade  of 
Hlgglns  &  Yonng.  Ibey  wholesale 
quite  extensively  from  the  Lake  of 
tne  Wooda  to  Edmonton,  on  the  Sui- 
katchewan,  a  distance  of  over  llOO 
miles.  Emigrants  and  new  comers 
should  look  through  their  stock  of 
both  light  and  heavy  work  aod  fine 
ladies'  w(  ar. 

BANKS. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  necesiity  for 
Buocesaful  business  enter priar,  mer- 
cantile particult>rlv  in  either  an  old 
or  new  trado  coiitre,  is  proper  bank 
facilities.  For  so  young  a  city,  Win- 
nipeg is  remarkably  fortunate  in  this 
respect,  having  three  solid  and  substan- 
tial banks  already.  The  leading  one 
itLA  brejich  of  the 

H£K(;HANTS  bank  of  CANADA. 

Occupying  a  prominent  position  in  the 
ve-''  center  of  the  town,  stands  the 
hai.daome  edifice  belonsing  to  the 
Merchants'  Bank  of  Canada,  an  insti- 
tution wbicb  was  organized  about  18 
years  ago.  by  Sir  Hugh  Allan;  with 
whom  was  associated  Jackson  Rae 
E^q.,  who  was  general  manager  of 
this  inatitution  for  upwards  of  12 
yeais.  Mr.  Allan  is  the  eminent  steam- 
ship owner  of  Montreal,  whose  mag- 
nificent line  of  ocean  steam  ships  huve 
acquired  a  world-wide  fame,  and  to 
whose  indomitable  peraeverance  and 
indefatigable  energy,  Canada  owes 
mote  as  regards  her  material  proapei- 
ity,  than  to  any  other  man  living. 
This  bank  ranks  in  size  and  impor- 
tance immediately  under  the  B  nk  of 
Montreal,  l}eing  the  second  largest 
bank  in  the  Dominion,  ,and  having 
■ome  40  branches,  besides  agencies 
in  New  York  and  L<Hadon.  The  hcid 
office  is  in  Montreal.  The  general 
manager  is  George  Hagns  Ettq..  a 
banker  of  very  high  reputation.    The 


RESIDENCE  OF  HON.  A.  O.  B.  BANNATYNE. 


Merchants'  Bank  was  the  first  char- 
tered monetary  institution  in  Canada, 
which  eatabliahed  a  branch  in  the 
northwest,havingoriiaoi7,ed  its  branch 
in  Winnipeg  in  \H"'i.  under  the  man- 
agement ol^Duncan  Macarthur.  K-q.. 
formerly  of  the  tlnanciai  department 
of  the  Hudaon  Bay  Company  in  Mon- 
treal, and  its  enterpriie  has  fairly 
earned  the  large  and  increasing  busi- 
ness which  it  does,  and  the  high  rep- 
utation which  it  has  acuuired,  not  only 
In  the  Province  of  Manitoba,  but 
throughout  the  contiguous  Western 
States. 

The  ofiicers  stationed  at  Winnipeg 
are  Donald  Macarther,  manager; 
H.  T.  Champion,  accountant;  F. 
H.  Morice.  teller;  A.  K.  J.  Banna- 
tyno,  asaiatant ;  A.  £.  Hespler,  ledger 
keeper;   C.    Qermain,  clerk. 

The  Bank  of  Montreal  and  Ontario 
Bank  both  have  branches  here. 

THOHAd  LUSTED, 

came  here  in  1867.  He  at  once  began 
his  present  bmlness,  making  the  first 
wagon.<),  buggiea  and  sleighs  made  in 
the  Province,  from  lumber  cut  by 
his  own  hand  from  the  log.  He 
now  employs  10  men  the  year 
through  and  in  the  buf»y  season 
more.  All  of  the  necessary  amilhing 
and  iron  work,  painting  &c.,  in  ma- 
king a  carriage  comp'f  te  is  done  iu  hia 
factory.  In  eatablisuing  his  business 
he  has  bad  many  obstacles  to  over- 
come, beside  thoae  iocidtut  to  pioneer 
manufacturing  anywhere.  But  in  hia 
line  the  preeent  customs  tariff  works 
much  to  bis  d  saivantage  in  that 
be  is  charged  jifft  the  same 
rate  of  duty  on  raw  or  half 
finished  material  that  he  imports 
fur  bis  use  as  on  wagons  &c.,  complete. 
But  bisenergy  andthe  reliability  of  hlh 
work  have  built  up  for  him,  what  reall> 
is  the  largest  manufacturing eBtabllsh- 
ment  in  the  Piovince,  outside  of  the 
lumber  trade.  Manil  I  aus.  if  you 
w  lid  build  up  manuficiiirlng  In  jour 
midat  and  keep  all  your  money  circu- 
lating he  re,  jou  should  always,  when 
you  have  achance,patronize  your  home 
manufacturers. 

This  year  he  has  added  many  of  Uie 
leading  makes  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments and  machinery  to  his  stock  of 
wagons  &c.,  all  of  which  he  sells  at  the 
iow«\st  jiving  figures.  He  is  a  man  of 
rtij  quiet  ways,  b>>:  of  great  energy 
and  persistence  and  uuals  by  another 
)ear  to  so  rebuild  and  enlarge  his 
works  that  they  will  be  as'oraament 


among  the  industrial,  institutions  of 
the  city. 

m'kboiinik,  m'millan  a  oo. 

are  the  foundry,  machine,  and  blaok- 
smlthing  firm  of  the  city.  They  have 
a  large  engine,  a  good  foundry,  and  a 
large  amount  of  the  necesaary  ma- 
chinery, much  of  it  suited  to  heavy 
work.  At  present  their  business  is 
mostly  repairing,  of  which  they  do  a 
large  amount,  employing  constantly 
some  eight  men  beslae  thcrvselves. 
They  do  engine,  mill  and  agricultural 
Implement  work.  They  were  making  a 
quantity  of  small  cars  for  Mr.  White- 
nead,  the  contractor  on  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway,  when  I  visited  their 
works.  They  arel>oth  practical  skilled 
mechanics,  of  the  beat  habita,  workers 
of  the  hardeat  kind,  and  with  ample 
capital  will  keep  pace  with  the  growth 
of  the  Province. 

There  are  13  steam  flour  mills  in  the 
province,  also  some  dozen  wind  grist 
mill9,  but  the  latter  are  now  almost  en- 
tirely out  of  repair.  There  is  also  a 
fine  eteam  Hour  and  gristmill  at  St.  Al- 
bert, some  500  miles  up  the  Saskatche- 
wan. 

TBB    OITT     FLOUR     MILL, 

D.  H.  McMillan,  proprietor,  makes 
straight  and  patent  procers  fiour.  bran, 
meal  and  feed.  It  la  both  a  custom 
and  merchant  mill;  has  a  100-horse 
power  engine  and  four  run  (  f  stones, 
which  are  kept  In  uperation  day  and 
night  the  season  through.  It  ia  well 
Btted  with  the  latest  machinery,  and 
other  runs  of  stone  will  be  added  as 
required.  The  foreman  is  from  one  of 
the  oldest  Minneapolis  mills.  The 
patent  process  fiour  which  this  mill  is 
making  Is  a  credit  to  the  Province. 
Manitoba  wheat  is  especiallv  adap'.»d 
for  that  kind  of  flour.  Mr.  McMillan 
sees  no  reason  why,  with  ordinary 
care,  the  fiour  of  this  Province  shoald 
not  soon  be  known  on  the  Eastern 
and  European  markets. 

The  hotels  of  the  city  are  both  nu- 
merous and  very  good ;  but  the 

PAOIFIO    HOTEL, 

patronized  by  His  Excellency  the  Gov- 
ernor General  and  suite,  of  which 
John  Haver:  V,  the  oldest  present  land- 
lord in  Winn :  neg,  is  proprietor,  takr-; 
the  Srst-clusa  travel  e'/sry  time.  1  ts 
situation  is  fine,  particularly  in  svm- 
mer,  being  at  the  foot  of  Main  st'.eet 
near  the  steamboat  landlngon  tb  a  As- 
•inebei&BiTer,  and  near  Fort  Garry 


'.*«*WWV 


Utation*  of 

and  blMk- 
They  have 
ndry.  and  a 
ceHsary  mar 
»(1  to  heavy 
buainees  Is 
Bh  they  do  a 
(  constantly 
thcr^nelvea. 
Al^rioutiural 
iTf  making  a 
■Mr.  White- 
he  GBnadian 
vislU-d  their 
ctical  skilled 
)lt8,  workerH 
with  ample 
h  the  growth 

r  mills  In  the 
wind  grist 
:)w  almoel  en- 
Bre  is  also  a 
mill  at  St.  Al- 
le  Saskatche- 


MILL, 

ietor,   makes 
esttour.bran, 
oth  a  custom 
a  100-horse 
an  (if  stones, 
ktlon  day  and 
h.    It  is  well 
Bchinery,  and 
be  added  as 
1  from  one  of 
mills.     The 
sb  this  mill  is 
he  Province, 
slally  adajD'^ 
Mr.  kcMUlan 
rlth  ordir»ary 
avince  shonld 
the  Eastern 

are  both  nn- 
>ut  the 

BL, 

enoy  the  Uov- 
te,  of  which 
present  land- 
prietor,  tak^'. 
gry  time.  ?  ts 
ilarlyin  »»m- 
I  Main  st'.eet 
Ingon  tb  3  As- 
MT Ton  Garry 


DEER  LODGE-RESIDENCE  OF  HON.  JA8.  MeKAY.    0m  Page  ll. 


I 


and  a  short  distance  from  the  Domin- 
ion Custom  House  and  Land  OfBoe. 

THE  UAVIS  IIOITSE 

Is  the  oldest  hotel  In  the  city,  and  one 
of  the  largest,  it  having  accommoda- 
tions for  100  guests.  The  arrange- 
ment of  the  house  Is  mr  st  convenient 
and  ooey.  A  large  proportion  of  its 
sleeping  rooms  are  -etlred  and  quiet. 
Its  billiard  parlor  's  by  far  the  largcttt 
northwest  of  Minneapolis.  It  has  rIx 
fine  Brunswick  &  Haike  tables.  Mr 
H.  E.  West,  the  lanllord  of  the  house. 
Is  the  Canadian  Northwest  Airent  for 
these  leading  United  Htutes  billiard 
table  manufacturers.  Its  location  '- 
most  central,  being  on  the  west  sidJ< 
of  Main  street  oppoBlt«  the  head  of 
Post  Otilce  street,  near  the  Merchant 
Bank,  Receiver  General  and  Post 
Offices,  and  the  principal  business 
houses.  For  commercial  travelers  it 
1b  the  location.  It  la  the  head  ofllce  of 
the  Railway  and  Steamboat  Omnibus 
Line.  A  tine  llverv  is  also  attached 
to  it.  The  Hon.  11.  A.  Davis,  late 
Provincial  Premier,  the  owner  of  this 
fine  old  property,  will  this  year  en- 
large It  by  a  brick  addition  57x100  feet 
and  four  stories  high,  which  will 
make  It  by  far  the  largest  hotel  north 
of  Minneapolis. 

THE  CABBTINa  TRADE 

of  Manitoba  may  be  seen  by  the  fol- 
lowing 8tat(>ment  of  tonnage  from 
season  of  1873  by  Red  River  steam- 
boats :  1873— •*'3,ai3.0.36  ;  1874—87,626,- 
200;  1876-76,078,«80.  This  is  but  the 
dawning  lip;bt  of  the  future  trade  here 
when  additional  railways  and  im- 
proved navigation,  including  Red 
Lake  River  Canal,  heretofore  spoken 
of,  have  added  their  developing  in- 
fluences. I  cannot  obtain,  at  present 
writing,  the  aggregate  annual  tigures 
of  the  river  tonnage  since  1875.  The 
Red  River  Navigation  Compnny  alone 
carried,  both  ways,  In  1878.  20,108,079 
pounds  of  frieight  and  13,200  passen- 
ger". But  this  represents  only  five  of 
the  fourteen  boats  in  Red  River.  Be- 
sides, every  year  there  are  several 
hundred  ilat  boats  floated  down,  load- 
ed with  produce  and  merchaudiae, 
wliich  after  arrival  are  taken  to  pieces 
'*ai  sold  for  lumber.  Luge  amounts 
of  lumber  and  thousands  of  coids  of 
vrood  from  the  States  are  also 
rafted  down.  Most  of  the  mer- 
chants here  who  import  direct  from 
.Europe— and  there  are  many  of  them 
Who  Duy  there  iargtly— now  ship  their 


pnrchases  on  through  bills  of  lading 
at  through  freight  rates  to  Winnipeg, 
and  receive  them  usuallv  in  from  23 
to  26  days  from  date  of  shipment- 

THi:  DISTANCE 

that  trade  comes  to  this  city  can 
hardly  be  appreciated  by  the 
stranger.  I  have  seen  and  talked 
with  traders  from  awa^*  up  In  the  Aro- 
tio  circle,  from  islands  near  the  mouth 
of  the  McKenile  River,  where  it  takes 
nine  and  a  half  months  to  make  the 
trip  one  way,  and  where  the  days  are 
three  months  long.  Also  from  Ed- 
monton, How  River,  Athabasca,  and 
P«ace  River— 0,  12  and  1,500  miles  dis- 
tant—besides  from  away  down  the 
Nelson  River  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Over 
4,000  Red  River  carts  will  be  loaded 
here  this  season  to  supply  this  trade. 
It  sejms  as  though  this  fact  alone,  I 
without  mentioning  any  of  the  other 
items  herein  given,  is  enough  to  con- 
clusively show  that  no  young  city  ever 
was  started  that  is  a  focaf  point  of 
such  Immense  areas  ut  liade  as  this 
same  city  of  Winnipeg. 

AS  INDICES  OF  OIVILIZATION 

in  this  Province,  I  would  say  that 
there  are  43  Protestant  school  dis- 
tricts with  1,000  enrolled  children. 
There  are  47  churches- 10  Episcopal, 
13  Catholic,  8  Presbyterian,  9  Metho- 
dist, 2  Baptist.  There  are  7  lodges 
of  Masons,  3  of  Odd  Fellows,  6 
Temperance  lodges.  2  Base  Ball, 
2  Cricket,  and  2  LaCrosse  clubs, 
2  dramatic  and  literary  societies  (the 
latter  several  years  old),  4  social  and 
charitable  societies,  such  as  St.  An- 
drew's, St.  .lean  Baptiste,  etc.,  and  the 
Y.  M.  O.  A.,  and  neveral  bv>atlng  clubs, 
The  Manitoba  Club  is  a  very  select 
association  of  83  members,  organized 
in  1874.  Their  club  house  is  one  of 
the  moat  conspicuous  bulldlnge  on 
Main  street  It  cost  86,500.  Its  mem- 
bers are  very  courteous  and  hospitiAle 
to  strangers. 

THE   NEWSPAPER  PRESS 

of  this  northwest  consists  of  the  Free 
Prets,  Standard  and  Le  Metis.  The 
two  former  are  English  and  are  pub- 
lished In  Winnipeg.  The  latter  is 
French  and  Is  published  at  St.  Boni- 
face. The  Free  Press  issues  a  daily 
and  weekly  edition.  Its  office  Is  run 
by  steam  and  is  the  most  complete 
printing  office  west  or  northwest  of 
Minneapolis.  The  Standard  ie  an 
four    page  weekly  and  is  the  oat* 


frrowth  of  the  MamtUtbian,  whloh 
>  Min  in  1870.  Its  office  has  a  very 
outdt  of  type,  prnnsmi,  eio. 
...iioug  t*i«  latter  ts  the  II rat  printing 
press  brought  to  the  Province.  The 
L«  Mttit,  a  weekly.  Is  the  organ  of  the 
French  speaking  population  of  the 
northwest.  They  number  at  least  2(Lr 
000.  It  has  a  mimplete  Job  offioe  at- 
tached to  It.  Space  alone  prevents  ray 
speaking  of  them  all  sl  1  would  like 
to.  Where  the  )tt*enttons  extended  to 
riur  northwestern  editor,  from  allot 
these  offloes,  #er«  no  kln>i.  generous 
and  (lelloate.  It  would  hw  lly  lie  in 
gcHxl  taste  to  partlaulari/e.  .sufficient 
U)  say,  they  were  luoh  that  their 
luemoriea  will  ever  be  cherished  and 
pleasant,  and  his  wish  la  HJnoere  that 
the  prosperous  liujiaess  which  they 
seem  to  have,  be  as  continued  as  It  la 
merited. 

NATURAXi  OONOLU- 
SIONS. 

The  great  work  and  effort  in  start- 
ing a  new  community,  in  platUt  tj  nit- 
ilUiation  In  a  distant  wild,  as  this  place 
was  four  years  since.  Is  largely  over- 
come by  the  time  It  has  a  Jtxed  and 
permanent  population  of  10,000  which 
Winnipeg  now  has.  So  has  it  now  heie 
churches,  social,  educational,  commer- 
cial and  mercantile  facilities,  capable 
uf  easy  enlargement  to  accommodate 
ten  or  twenty  times  the  present  popn- 
latlon.  In  brief,  the  arreat  work,  pri- 
vation, hopes  and  fears,  doubts  and 
uncertainties,  have  been  largely  over- 
come in  the  building  of  a  city  of 
50.000  or  100,000  here,  in  the  already 
established  and  provided  for  popula- 
tion of  10,000,  BO  that  those  hereafter 
casting  their  lot  here,  will  be  largely 
relieved  from  the  varied  demands,  and 
wear  and  tear  of  brain,  that  in  the 
years  now  past,  were  so  constantly  at- 
tendant upon  those  who  carried  the 
many  and  heavier  burdens  of  pioneer 
life.  This  city  is  able  to  offer  most  of 
the  conveniences  of  old  communitiea 
to  those,  and  1  believe  they  will  be 
many  the  coming  season  who  will 
come  and  build  their  homes  and  busi- 
ness here. 

A  RETROSPECT  AND 
PROPHESY. 

The  permaneiii.  8ettlement  of  Canada 
antedated  that  of  the  United  Htates,  by 
several  years.  Since  the  close  of  the 
Amerk»n  Revolut  onary  W»r,  1788, 
Canada  has  been  In  a  state  of  peaue. 

constantly    Uud«r      th«     auldnncs    *Bd 

fosierlDg  caieof  a  wealty,  powerful 
mother  country,  wltli  the  world  open 
for  emigration  to  come  within  her  bor- 
ders. 

Sinp«  1788  the  United  States  have 
bad  to  play  "a  lone  hand,"  against  the 
wholetworld.  Three  largewaia  have 
taxed  her  resources  of  men  and  money. 
The  laat  war  v(  as  the  laigest  in  num- 
ber of  regular  battles,  men  engaged, 
etc  ,  that  has  occurred  in  the  present 
century.  The  two  former  beiog  with 
England  in  1812.  and  Mexico  in  1845. 
Yet  out  of  them  all  has  she  come  with 
honor  ta  henelf  and  the  respect  of  all 
the  world. 

She  has  acquired  by  purchase^  Louii*^ 
iaua  of  France  in  1803  (which  pur- 
chase embraced  the  entire  Mis.'-leslppi 
and  Missouri  valleys,  from  tie  Gulf  of 
Mexioo  to  Manilciba  and  west  to  the 
Rocky  Monntains.)  and  Florida  of 
Spain  in  1810,  (we  will  not  mentioa  the 
purchase  of  Alaska  in  1867).  Texas 
came  by  her  own  reouest  of  annexa- 
tion in  1846,  and  Califotnia,  by  treaty- 


In  1848.  ily  w«v  of  tnlvrlulo,  in  th«< 
MftMh  of  titn«,  afic  him  «trtck*n  off  lh« 
•hfttiklMi  tl  mt  t)ouQ<l  4,(Mii),fX)nor  liuBmii 
I  •  Ingn  hn\<i  III  r<  mi)l<i(<i  iiiav«<ry.  Mjm 
t  na  t^Arrlml  nlvlllaatioii  •<<riMH  m  contl- 
ii>  tit  ii«Mkrly  'l,*)(N)  iiillfH  wlilwaiiil  bniinil 
t<'C«<th«r  th«  two  ittmmn  MharM  In  tiondii 
of  iron,  rnKklng  thn 

IM  1.1V  MOWS  or    NATH       At.    UfC 

harmoiiloun  l>v  atawin  Aud  «l«otr<  j  tv, 
tlinuKli  the  wIioIm  l«iigtli  mikI  iHWftdtli, 
atirtli  kikI  aoulh,  mmI  ami  w««t  of  I  hi 
OrMtt  ADierloAii  ii^publli-.  I)tiringtht*w 
f  >»n,  nhe  haa  imiIvwI  hikI  riiadn  hii 
har«t«forn  Huknoum  rtoonl  of  rapid, 
ohrl«tlMtil%»d  liuiuan  iltfVflopoifat.  In 
doliiR  which,  Ma  true,  ahn  liaa  mailtn 
loma  foolish  «>x|i«rim«iita.  'riiia  Brand 
maroh  ha«li««n  made,  without  aalngel 
almiUr  «iaiupl«.  Aa  a  whoJH,  It  Iihm 
been  by  pfacfful  tneaiia,  with  hard, 
honeat  work,  gulckd  byyV««!  mm,  fre« 
landi,  frtt  hoiruH  and  frte  »ntwnl»  aa 
the  grand  advanuliiK  muMw.  Now 
her  Kucceaaful,  practical  example  la 
before  the  world.  Th«>  Htatea  did  not 
•ute.-  upou  the  period  of  tbelr 

RAPID  (»BOWTB, 

nntll  atmut  IH34),  about  wMch  vear, 
by  meana  of  strain  navlntion  of  tbe 
Greftt  Tiftkea,  the  Ohio  River  and  the 
op«ntrgofthe  National  FViad,  (high- 
way) built  by  the  Government  trom 
Butimore  to  8t.  Loula,  the  pel  reed  the 


foreat  tha'  rriglnaiiv  waa  ii 
fiom  the  Atlantic  anoitulf  of  Mealoo, 
t4>  the  eaatarn  and  arHit!i«ni  btuudwry 
of  theHta(«»r  lllluola. 

The  p»rl<Ml  of  her  gieat  growth  be- 
gan w)  en  hir  prnple  atrui-k  the  eaut- 
em  •'dge  of  the  gre^t  (Hunmon,  United 
Htates  and  (.'niiiullaii  Continental  I'ral- 
rie  lielt.     It  la  from  the 

TIIH  rKKTILK  I'RAIRIJi, 

aubdred  by  clTtwUoo,  th«t  the  i;iilt4Ml 
Htntea  tiaa  grown,  not  only  In  hvr 
national  rtaourrfa,  blither  national 
gte.itiiea«  ai)d  power,  that  though 
young  In  national  life  aa  ahe  Ih.  inakea 
evident  tliat  In  a  mar  future  ahe  will 
■'  on  lie  an  unniatohMl  national  p  iw- 
«T.  The  |M>piilatlon  of  the  Ignited 
statea  to-day,  la  fr<nn  <I7,IN)(),I)(K)  to 
WKMNi.iMN);  that  of  Canada  about  4,aiN),- 
(MN). 

No  whrre  elae  on  earth  can  thii  ex- 
hibit of  national  growth  be  rrpeated, 
but  In 

THE  CANADIAN  NOKTHWKHT. 

Nowhere  •  Ne    la  there  a  aufllclrnt  area 
of  genei at.,  fertile  land,  well  wa'ere<l 
by  navigable  atreama  and  lak«a  auffl 
oieut  IVir  It. 

Now  that  ateam  and  eleotrivlly  have 
removed  the  hltherU)  iaolatlen  of  tli« 
old  I'rovliioca,  from  the  niagultlueut 
area  for  many  new  one*.  It  Is  but 


A    MATtJRAt.    PROrilPIIY, 

that  a  homegere  ua  pe«|>le.  common 
In  their  ancMiry,  speakii>g  the  atnin 
Ungiiage,  "ith  an  •  xitniple  before  liiem 
In  whii'h  every  eimr  maile  ly  their 
liretiiern  (wn  lie  avoldeti,  can  ami  will, 
su«M;eaafUlly  re|>eat  ttie  human  a<l 
vanoemenl  lliat  hMa  altea4ly  oarilnl 
hope,  clieer  at  d  happy  rralUailon.  to 
BO  many  mlllloua  of  iiltherio,  eare- 
niiiiimaeii  human  aoula.  Hy  tliere<Hiril 
of  the  paat  n»arly  one  hundre<i  ^eara, 
during  wliioii  time  ttieae  nelghliorinK 
natlona  iiave  dwelt  >^  le  by  aide  with- 
[  out  a  drop  <  f  bb  ixl  lieing  aullt,  'tia  nafi- 
totay,  that  tlicy  ever  will,  aa  hereto 
fore,  Jollied  I  nd  tu  hand,  carry  we«i 
want  the  twin  .tarit  of  the  Uepiilillo  Mini 
Dominion  ai.d  tliat  to  tlie  i.orth  of  the 
Htataa,  will  moou  develop  a  "GrtaUr 
Britain:' 

TO  TOU,  SONt  or  OLD  IKOLAMD,  Or 
YOUHO  CANADA 

and  of  the  United  StatM,  who 
are  ready  to  talie  a  man's  part  In 
life's  real  and  remunerative  actu- 
alities here,  I  know  that  many  of 
^ou  will  come  to  make  homea  In  this 
beautiful  Manitoba,  (The  "Spirit 
Stralta"  of  the  Indiana)  or  peinaps 
still  beyond  her  borderp,  In  tbii  rtai, 

NEW  NORTHWEST. 


RESIDENCE  OF  J.  H.  A8HD0WN.  ESQ. 


Y, 

common 
thf  ••nm 
fore  I  lii«iii 
I  I  J  th«lr 
■  ikI  will, 
nikii  Kit- 
y  («ril<<l 
xAllon.  to 
ri  «>,  o»n»- 
tli«  raoonl 

piKlitKtrliiR 
al,l«»  wllli- 

M  bertU)- 
mrry  wwt- 

.pIlhllOMIIll 

;,rlb  of  Ihf 
,   >*Or*aUr 


ihkim,  or 

latos,  who 
t'l  ptrt  In 
,tWe  Hctu- 
t  many  of 
mea  tn  thin 
rhe  "Splrll 
or  p«inap« 
n  tbit  TMti, 


Speech  of  the  Oovemor  OeneraL 


Th«  foltowlni  la  •  niport  of  thit  | 
ip«Mh  of  Ilia  KiMllanoy,  tb«  Earl  ^ 
or  DvrrBRiM,  Oovarnor  (}«i«r»t  of  | 
C«nadt4it  •  D^tunf,  at  Wlnnlpex, ; 
llMiitob  ^  on  H«pt«mb«r  3ttth,  lin7,  In  I 
reply  to  tba  tuMt,  "th*  Oovamor  Qan-  j 
tnl  of  0«n»d«."  coupled  with  the  | 
name  of  Ltdy  Duffflrln.  Hia  Rio«l-  '• 
lanoy  tn  rlalng  to  raply  waa  racatved 
with  loud  and  prolonged  oheerlog.  | 
Heaald: 

Mr.  Mayor,  Tour  Wonor,  LadUa  and 
StntUmtn  : 

In  rising  to  ezpreaa  my  Mknowledge- 
m«nta  to  the  dtize-  i  of  Winnipeg  for 
thua  crowning  the  friendly  reception 
I  have  received  throughout  the  length 
and  breadth  of  Manitoba  by  ao  noble  j 
an  entertainment.  I  um  painfully  op- 1 
pi-eaaed  by  the  oonalderatinn  of  thei 
many  reapecta  In  which  my  thanka  are 
due  to  you,  and  to  ao  many  other  per- 1 
iona  In  the  Province.     From  our  flrat  i 
landing  on  your  quays  until  the  pres- 1 
ent  uioment,  my  progreaa  through  the 
country  has-been  one  continual  delight, 
nor  haa  the  allghteat  hitch  or  Incongru- 
ous Incident  marred  the  aatisfaotion  of 
my  visit.    I  hsTe  to  thank  you   for 
the  hosplttlities  I  have  enjoyed  at  the 
bands  of  your  Individual  citizens,  aa 
well  aa  of  a  multitude  of  Independent 
communitiea,  for  the  tasteful  and  In- 
genloua  decorations  wbloh  adorned  my 
route,  for  the  quarter  of  a  mile  of  ev- 
enly yoked  oxen  that  drew  our  tri- 
utiaphal  oar,  [applause]  for  the  univer- 
lal   proofs  of    your    loyalty   to  the 
Throne  and  the  Mother  Country,  and 
for  your  personal  good-will  towards 
&er  Mi^Mty's  represents! 've.    Above 
all,  I  have  to  thank  you  for  the  evi- 
dences produced  on  either  hand  alone; 
our  march  of  your  prosperous  condi- 
tion, of  your  perfect  contentment,  of 
your  happy  confidence  In  your  future 
fortunes,— for  1  need  not  teJl  you  that 
to  any  one  in  my  situation,  amiling 
comBelda,  cosy  home  steads,  the  joyful 
faces  01  prosperous  men  and  women, 
and  the  laughter  of  healthy  tfbildren, 
are  the  best  of  all  triuropbal  decora- 
tions-   [Great  applause.] 

But  there  are  other  things  for 
which  I  ought  to  be  obliged  to 
you,  and  not  the  least  for  the 
beautiful  v;eather  you  have  taken 
the  precaution  to  provide  us  with  dur- 
ing some  six  weeks  of  perpetual 
camping  out,  for  which  attention  I 
have  received  Lady  Dufferin's  special 
orders  to  render  yon  her  personal 
thank'i— an  attention  which  the  unu- 
sual J  henomenon  of  a  oasual  water- 
spout enabled  us  only  the  better  to  ap- 
preciate; and  lastly,  though  certainly 
lot  least,  for  not  having  generated 


J 


amongat  you  that  fearful  entity, 

raolHc     Hallway     question"— at    all 
evMts  not  in  Uumm  dire  and  tragle 
proportions  In  which  I  have  eneoun- 
tered  It  elsewhere.    [Loud  applause- ] 
Of  courae,  1  know  a  certain  phase  of 
the  question   la   agitating  oven   thla 
oommunlty,  but  it  has  assumed  the 
mild  oharaeter  of  a  don>«stlo  rather 
than   of   an  Inter-Provii.olal  contro- 
versy.   Two  diatlngulahed    membera. 
moreover,  of  my  preaent  Government 
have  been   lately   amongst  you,  and 
have  doubtless  acquainted  themselves 
with  your  views  and  wlahea.    It  Is  not 
necessary,  therefore,  that  1  should  mar 
the  hllbrlouB  characte.-  of  the  preaent 
festival  by  aay  untimely  alluatona  to 
ao  grave  a  matter.    Well  then,  ladlea 
and  gentlemen,  w*:at  am  I  to  aay  and  do  ' 
to  you  in  return  for  all  the  pleaaare| 
and  aatlsraction    I  have   received  at  | 
your  handa  V    I  fear  there  is  very  little  | 
that  I  can  aay,  and  acarcely  anything  | 
that  I  can  do,  commensurate  with  m: 
obllgatlona.    Stay- there  is  one  thing 
at  all  events  I  thiuk  I  have  already 
dene,  for  which  I  am  entitled  to  claim 
your     thanka.     You     are  doubtless 
aware  that  a  great  poUtioal  contro- 
versy has  for  some  time  raged  between 
the  two  great  parties  of  the  state  as  to 
which  one  of  Vwa  is  responsible  for 
the  vialtatioii  of  that  terror  of  two 
continents— the  Coloradc/  bug.    [Great 
laughter.]    The  one  aide  ia  diapoaed 
to  assert  that  if  thei .  opponents  had 
never  acceded  to  pov,  t,  the  Colorado 
bng  would  never  hav    come  to  Canada. 
[Renewed  laughter.]    I  have  reason  to 
believe,  however,  though  I  know  not 
whether  any  substantial  evidence  has 
been  adduced  in  support  of  their  asser- 
tion, that  my  Governmert  deny  and 
repudiate  having  had  any  sort  of  con- 
cert or  understanding  wiith  that  Irre- 
pressible invader.  [Roars  of  laughter.] 
It  vould  be  highly  unconstitutional 
for  mt*.  'ivho  tm  bound  to  hold  a  per- 
fectly imptiicial  balance  between  the 
two  great  factions  of  the  state,  to  pro- 
nounce an  opinion  upon  this  moment- 
ous question.  [Renewed  and  loag-eon- 
tinued  laughter.]    But  however  dis- 
putable a  point  may  be  the  prime  and 
original   authorship  of  the  Colorado 
bag,  there  is  one  fact  no  one  will  ques 
tlon,  namely,  that  to  the  presence  of 
the  Governor- General  in  Manitoba  is 
to  be  attributed  the  sudden,  total,  oth- 
erwise unaccountable,  and,  I  tmst,  per- 
manent disappearance,  not  only  from 
this  Province,  but   from   the   wholfi 
Northwest  of  the  infamous  and  un- 
mentionable "hopper,"  [load  laughter] 
whose  frequent  visitations  for  the  last 
few  years  have  proved  so  distressing 
to  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  en- 
tire region. 
But     apart      from      being      the 


ortaosta  laatrament  of  oonrerriag 
thla  baaallt  upon  yon,  t  fear  the  only 
further  return  tn  my  power  Is  to  as- 
sure yoa  of  my  great  sympathy  with 
you  la  your  endeavora  to  do  Juatloe  to 
thi^materlal  advantagoa  with  which 
your  Provlnoe  haa  been  ao  richly  en- 
dowed by  the  hands  of  I'ruvldenoe. 
[Applause.]  from  Its  geographical 
position,  and  its  peculiar  oharao^«r- 
istios, 

MAIIITOBA 

may  b*  r^n^«Ml  as  the  keystone 
of  that  mighty  arch  of  sister 
provlDOM  which  >pans  the  entire 
contlnaat  from  the  Atlantic  to  tha 
I'a-^ltle.  [I.<oud  chf«ring.]  It  was 
here  that  (/anada,  emerging  from  her 
W(hm1s  and  forests,  Urst  gazed  upon  h^r 
rolling  pralrlni  and  unexplored  North- 
wast,  and  learned,  as  by  an  unexpected 
revelation,  that  her  historical  territor- 
ies of  the  Canadas,  her  eastern  aea- 
boarda  of  New  lirunawick,  I^abrador, 
Nova  Scotia,  her  I^aurentian  lakea  and 
vallefS,eomlands  and  pastures,  though 
themselves  more  extensive  than  half  a 
dosen  European  Kingdoms,  [tremen- 
dous applause]  were  but  the  vestibules 
and  antechamlMra  to  that,  till  then, 
un-draamt-of  Dominion,  whoae  Illim- 
itable dlmenaiona  alike  oonfonnd  the 
arithmetic  of  the  aurveyor,  and  the 
verification  of  the  explorer.  [Contin- 
ued applause.]  It  was  hence  that, 
counting  her  paat  achievements  as  but 
the  preface  and  prelude  to  her  future 
exertions  and  expanding  destinies, she 
took  a  fresh  departure,  received  the 
afUatus  of  a  more  Imperial  inspiration, 
and  felt  herself  no  longer  a  mere  settler  . 
along  the  banks  of  a  single  river,  but 
the  owner  of  half  a  continent,  and,  in 
the  amplitude  of  her  possession,  in 
the  wealth  of  her  resources,  in  the 
binews  of  her  material  might,  the  peer 
of  any  power  on  the  earth.  [Great 
cheering.] 

In  a  recently  remarkably  witty 
speech  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury 
alluded  to  the 

eBgORAPQIOAL   MISOOMOEI'TIOM 

oftes  engendered  by  the  smal)- 
neas  ii  the  maps  upon  which  the 
figure  of  the  world  is  depicted.  To 
tbis  cause  is  probably  to  be  attributed 
the  inadequate  idea  entertained  by  the 
best  educate  persuus  of  the  extent  of 
Her  Majesty's  North  American 
possessions.  Perhaps  the  best  way  of 
eoreeeting  such  a  universal  mis- 
apprehension would  be  by  a  summary 
of  the  rivers  which  flow  through 
them,  tor  we  know  that  aj  a  poor  man 
cannot  afford  to  live  in  a  big  house  so 
a  small  country  cannot  support  a  big 
river.  [Applause.]  Now  to  an  Eng- 
lishman or  a  Frenchman  the  Severn 
or  the  Thames,  the  SeiL  i  or  the  Rhone, 
would  appear  considerable  8trea:n«> 


[Ill 


■1 


but  In  tlMOttAWft,  •  uinr*  ftlllaMltof 
thn  8t.  l.awrfinc*.  %n  Mfl)»uit«  motif 
o»»»r,  which  rit««hi«i  th«  ii«i«nt •lr«»Hrii 
•«i  hundrfifl  mll««  from  lt«  month,  w» 
h«v«  •  rlvnr  four  hundrwl  «ind  lUly 
mUM  long  kimI  four  tlnM  m  l>l|t  m  ! 
any  of  th«tn :  hut  •▼•n  «ft«r  having  i 
••MnitMt  lh«  Ht.  l.dwrcitMN'  itMlf  t«i 
L«k«<)itt*rt<>.  »n<l  puriufd  lU  cotirwi  | 
•rroM  I.ftkA  Huron.  th«  Nlkicsra.  th«| 
Ht.  OUlr  and  I-ak«  Hujiwlor  t<i 
Thunrtwr  H«y.  n  iil»t«iicii  of  on«  thou-  \ 
■And  flfii  hundiwl  nitlBU.  whern  »r« 
w«?  In  thfl  MllniKtlon  of  Ihn  pMion 
who  ha«  iniwli*  th«  Journny.  iit  thn  I'lid 
of  »ll  Ihlnfta.  lUu((ht«r.lbul  to  un  who  , 
know  Imltor,  HoariMly  *t  the  ouin 
in«no«mniit  of  th«  gr*»t  fluvial 
•TKtfiini  of  Ihn  Dominion;  fitr  from 
tnat  iiiDt,  that  U  to  nay  from  Thund«r 
H«r,  WA  arc  able  to  Rhip  our 
utonlahnd  trkTellar  on  to  the  K«m- 
loUttqulB,  a  rtvar  aome  huodrtd  mlloa 
lODR.  Thflnce  alnioat  In  a  atraiRht 
1ln«  wft  Uunch  him  on  "  '  l>mk» 
flhithandowan  and  Ilatny  l.-i  and 
BI»«r—whoa«i  proper  name  bynliie  bye 
la  "llene."  aflnr  the  man  who  dla- 
ooy«rn<l  It-  a  uia;(nlfloentRtrt«i4m  three 
hundred  yardn  broad  and  a  couple  of 
hundred  mllee  lonR,  down  whoa«. 
tranquil  boeom  he  lloata  Into  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  where  he  llnd*  hiniaelfon 
aahMt  of  water  which,  though  dimlnu 
tlTfl  aa  oompareil  with  the  InUnd  aeaa 
he  haa  left  Imhind  him,  will  probably 
b«  found  nulllclenUy  extennlve  to 
render  him  fearfully  H«MUilck  [loud 
laughter]  durInK  his  paaaage  acroas  It. 
For  the  laat  eighty  milea  of  hia 
voyage,  however,  he  will  be  consoled 
by  oailing  through  a  sucoea^ion  of 
land  locked  chaunels,  the  beautv  of 
whose  scenery,  while  It  resembles, 
oertainly  excels  the  far -fame  1  Thou- 
aand  Islands  of  tha  Ht.  Lawrence. 
(Qreat  applause.]  From  this  laous- 
urlan  paradise  of  sylvan  beauty  we  are 
able  at  once  to  transfer  our  friend  to 
th«  Winnipeg,  a  river  whose  exls^encn 
in  th«  very  heart  of  the  continent  is  in 
itaelf  one  of  Nature's  most  extra- 
ordinary mira<;le8,  [apitlauce,!  so  b«au- 
tltul  and  varied  are  lis  rocky  banks, 
ita  tnfted  islands,  so  broad,  so  d^ep,  so 
fervid  is  the  volume  of  its  waters,  the 
extent  of  their  lake-like  expansions, 
and  the  tremendous  power  of  their 
rapids.  [Loud  cheering.]  At  laat  let 
OS  suppoae  we  have  landed  oar 
traveller  at  the  town  of  Winnipeg,  the 
half-way  house  of  the  continent,  the 
capital  of  the  I'rairie  Provinoe,  and  I 
trust  the  future  "umbilicus"  of  the 
Dominion.  [Long  continued  ap- 
plause.) 

Having  had  so  much  of  water,  having 
now  reached  the  home  of  thebuflido, 
like  the  extenuated  FalstafT,  be  nat- 
urally '*babblea  of  green  .flelda." 
Gaaghter  and  cbean]  and  careers  in 
aagination  over  the  primeval  grasses 
of  the  prairie.  Not  at  alt.  Elconed 
by  Mr.  Mayor  and  his  town  council  we 
take  him  down  to  your  quay  and  ask 
him  which  he  will  ascend  first,  the 
Red  River  or  the  A«slnel)oine,  the  one 
five  hundred  miles  long,  the  other  f  jur 
hundred  and  eighty,  wnioh  so  happily 
mingle  their  waters  within  your  city 
limits.  [Cheering.]  After  having 
given  him  a  preliminary  canter  np 
these  respective  rivers  we  take  Mm 
off  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  an  Inlar  d  sea 
three  hundred  miles  long  and  npwalrds 
of  sixty  broad,  during  the  navigation 
of  which,  for  many  a  weary  hour,  he 
will  find  himself  ont  of  si^ht  of  land, 
and  prububiy  a  gosd  deal  more  sea- 
sick than  ever  he  was  on  the  Atlantic. 
[Loud  IniighterJ  At  the  Eorthwest 
angle  of  Lake  Winnipeg  he  hits  upon 
the  mouth  of  the  Saskatchewan,  the 


fMaway  ao4  high  r«M4  Ui  the  North- 
west,  and  the  alartlag  point  Uiaitother 
nrtM-n  hundrrd  inlUs  of  navigable 
water,  (lowing  nearly  due  east  Itetwaeu 
Ita  alluvial  banlia,  ((treat  appla'ise.j 
ilKViag  mjw  reaahed  the  ilocky 
Mountains  our  "ancient  mariner,"  fur 
by  this  time  ha  will  l)«  i|uit«  enlltlrd 
to  surh  an  appellation,  [laught«r| 
knowliiK  that  water  cannot  run  uu 
hill,  feels  (pertain  his  kouall  «<«p«rl- 
encea  are  (•iiinluiled.  lie  was  never 
mora  niiatakHii  [Laughter]  We  iin 
nieiliHtely  launch  hlui  upon  the  Attm 
liitnkM  niid  M>w:k«ii/ia  rivers,  and  start 
hliu  on  a  longer  trip  than  any  he  haa 
vel  tindertaken,  the  navigation  of  the 
Mat^kenxle  river  alone  i-(r«edlnK  two 
thousand  live  hunduHl  wllea.  If  he 
survives  this  last  ewnerience  [laugh- 
ter] we  wlutl  uu  Ills  peregrinations  iiy 
a  Gunclud'..ig  V(  ysge  of  one  thousand 
four  hi.ndred  Miles  down  the  Fraser, 
or  if  he  prefers  It  the  Thompson  river 
to  Victoria,  in  Vancouver,  whence 
having  previously  provtdmi  him  with 
a  return  ticket  fur  that  purpose,  he 
will  nrobably  prefer  getting  home  via 
the  ('ana^tlan  I'ltclllc.  Now  In  theenti 
uioeratlon,  llioae  who  are  a<(|ualnled 
with  the  country  are  aware  ihat  for 
the  sake  of  hrevliy  I  hav<i  ointtttMl 
thousands  of  miles  of  other  lakes  and 
rivers,  which  water  various  regions  of 
the  Northwest,  the  Qu'Appelle  river, 
the  iieliy  river.  Lake  Manitoba,  Lake 
Winnipxgoosit,  Khoal  lake,  etc.,  etc, 
aloO'  wTione  Interminable  banks  I 
might  have  dragged,  and  llnally  exter- 
minated our  wayworn  gueat,  [laugh- 
ter] but  the  sketch  I  have  given  is 
more  than  sulllcient  for  my  puriiose, 
and  when  It  Is  further  remembered 
that  the  most  of  these  streams  flow 
for  their  eatlre  length  through  alluvial 
plains  of  the  richest  description, 
where  year  after  year  wheat  hau  be 
raised  without  manure,  or  any  sensible 
diminution  In  its  yield,  and  where  the 
soil  everywhere  presents  the  appear- 
ance of  a  hlirhly  c  .Ittvated  suburban 
kitchen  garden  In  Rogland.  enough 
has  been  jatd  to  display  the  agricul 
tural  riches  of  the  territories  I  have 
referred  to,  and  tbe  capabilities  they 
possess  of  affording  happy  and  pros- 
perous homes  to  mlll'ons  of  the  human 
raee.    [ Deafening  applause] 

Uut  in  contemplating  tbe  vistas  thus 
opened  to  our  imagination,  we  must 
not  forget  that  there  ensues  a  corres- 
uondlng  expansion  of  our  obligations. 
Fr  iastaace,  unless  greatcureis  taken 
we  shall  find  as  we  move  westwards 
that  the  exigencies  of  oivlllzation 
may  clash  injuriously  with  the 
prejudices  and  traditional  habits  of 
our  Indian  fellow-subjeots.  [Hear, 
hear.]  As  long  as  Canada  was  In 
the  woods, 

THB  INDIAK  PROBLBH 
was  comparatively  easy,  theprogress  of 
settlement  was  slow  enough  to  give 
ample  time  and  opportunity  for  arriv- 
ing at  an  amicable  and  mutually  con- 
venient arrangement  with  euch  tribe 
with  whoii  we  successively  came  into 
contact,  but  once  out  upon  tho  plains 
colonization  will  advance  witn  far 
more  rapid  and  ungov<-rnable  strides, 
and  it  cannot  fail  evenlually  to  inter- 
fere with  the  by  no  means  inex- 
haustible supply  of  buffalo  upon 
which  so  many  of  the  Indian  tribes 
are  now  dependent.  Against  this 
contingency  it  will  be]our  most  urgent 
and  imperative  duty  to  take  timely 
precautions  by  enabling  tbe  red  man 
not  by  any  undue  nre«nnr«,  or  hastvnr 
Ill-considered  interferences,  but'  by 
precept,  example,  and  suasion,  by  gifts 
of  cattle,  and  other  eucouragemt-nts, 
to  exchange  the  precarious  life  of  a 


hunter  for  tliat  of  a  pM-)ral  and 
eventually  that  of  an  agr-cuUuiai 
tieople  [Heat  hear  and  ai>plait«f(  | 
iiii|ii>ily  In  no  part  of  her  M«ie«ty's 
donilniitns  are  the  rela.lons  existing 
between  the  white  settler  and  Ihs 
original  natives  and  masters  of  the 
land  so  well  understood  or  so  gener- 
ously and  humanely  Interpreted  as 
In  Oana4ia,  and  as  a  couB^quenos 
Insteaii  of  tieing  a  cause  of  an  anxiety 
and 'tiaturlHince,  the  Indian  tribes  of 
the  Domi.'lon  are  regardml  a*  a  valu- 
able adjunit  to  our  strength  »n6 
ln>tustry.  WIterever  I  have  gone  In 
the  ."r  ,/ince-  and  since  I  have  been 
here,  I  have  travelled  nearly  a 
thousand  miles  within  yi.ur  lioraers 
—  i  have  found  the  Indians  upon 
their  several  reserves,  prelermilting  a 
few  pretty  grievances  of  a  local 
cliaraoter  they  thought  themselves 
Justllled  In  preferring,  contented  and 
satlstled.  upon  the  most  friendly 
terms  with  their  white  neighlM>rs,  and 
Imtillnltly  contidlng  in  the  g<HMl  faith 
lind  paternal  solicllude  of  the  (lovern- 
inent.     [Apulause.  ] 

In  some  (iistrlrts  I  have  learnt  with 
pleasure  that  the  Hloux,  wiio  some 
years  since  entered  our  territory 
under  such  sinister  circum 
stances — I  do  not  of  course 
refer  to  the  recent  visit  of  NlttUiK 
Kull  and  his  people— |  laughter  I  are 
not  only  imrfectly  i>eaceal)ln  aixf  wel. 
behave<l  but  have  turned  Into  useful 
and  hardworking  laboiers  and 
harvestnien,  [hear,  hear]  while  In  the 
more  distant  settlements,  the  less 
domesticated  bands  of  natives 
whethe.'  as  hunters,  voyageura,  guide* 
purveyors  of  our  furs  and  game,  prove 
yi  anpreciably  advantageous  element 
in  thei  et:onomical  structure  of  tbe 
colony.  [Applause.]  There  Is  no 
doubt  that  a  great  deal  of  the  goo«t 
feeling  thus  Miil>slsting  among  the  reil 
men  and  ourseltes  Is  due  to  the  In 
(lueuce  and  lnter(N)sitlon  of  that  in 
valuable  class  of  men  tbe  balf-breed 
settlers  and  pioneers  of  Manitoba 
[tremendous  applause]  who,  com 
Dining  as  they  do  the  hardihood,  the 
endurance  and  love  of  enterprise 
generated  by  the  strain  of  Indian 
blood  within  their  veins,  with  the 
civilization,  tbe  Instruction,  and  the 
intellectual  power  derived  from  their 
fathers  have  preached  the  gospel  of 
peace  and  good  will,  and  mutual 
respect,  witn  cquallr  beneOcent 
results,  to  the  Indian  cniefta'n  in  his 
lodge,  and  the  British  settler  in  his 
shanty.  [Renewed  appU^^e.]  They 
have  been  tbe  embassadors  between 
the  East  and  the  West,  the  inter- 
preters of  civilization,  and  Its  exigen- 
cies, t'  tbe  dwellers  on  the  prairie,  as 
well  as  the  exponents  to  the  white 
man  of  the  consideration  Justly  doe  to 
the  susceptibilities,  the  sensitive  self- 
respect,  the  prejudices,  the  innate  crav- 
ing for  Justice  of  the  Indian  race. 
[Continued  applavse.]  In  faot,  they 
have  done  for  the  colony  what  other- 
wise would  have  Ijeen  left  un- 
uocompltshed,  and  have  introduced 
between  the  white  population  and 
the  red  man  a  traditional  feeling  of 
amity  and  friendships,  which,  i)ut  for 
them,  it  might  have  been  Impossible 
to  establish.    [Cheers.] 

Nor  can  I  pass  by  the  humane, 
kindly,  and  considerate  atten- 
tion, which  has  ever  dis- 
tinguished the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany in  its  dealings  with  the  native 
population.  [Applause.]  B'lt  though 
giving  credit  to  these  fortuuate  influ- 
ences amongst  tbe  causes  which  are 
ijonducing  to  produce  and  preserve 
this  happy  result,  the  place  of  honor 


iiiim  of  pit 

be  said  t<J 
iously,  till 
exceptiorJ 
[Hear,  hel 


fMl 


I  «|    iiiu] 
kj{i  (ittUurftl 

ft|i|llKli*«1  { 

r  MxlMly't 

III    •>Ilstlll|| 

r  and  ih* 
i«t«  of  th« 
r  •«  |p»n»ir 
nr|ir«>t«>4  u 
oiiBftiurnc*! 
F  ftll  Knxifltjr 
■n  trIbM  of 
(i  M  k  valii- 
rniiKth  Mild 
kv«  Ron*  In 

have  b««n 
nMrly  » 
i,ur  bordcri 
iiHiia  upon 
iPiinlttlnK  M 
of    •    local 

th«iii>M«lvwi 
int«iit«><!  and 
t  frloiuily 
IghlMim,  ami 
n  K<><>*'  faltli 
tbe  (iuvern 

1 1«arnt  with 
who  aomt 
ir  territory 
r  clrcum- 
of  ouursf 
t  of  HIltlnR 
iUght««rl  ar« 
tit«  ana  waII 
I  Into  lUafut 
loiArs  and 
while  In  th«t 

til,     thA      !•»!* 

of      natlv^H, 
;«uri,  Kuld«ti, 

gaini*,  provn 
soHii  «l«^m«nt 
tur«  of  thfl 
'here    ia    no 

of  the  good 
mong  the  red 
ue  to  the  In- 
a  of  that  In- 
lie  half-bre«<l 
)f    Munllolin 

who,  com- 
ardlhood,  the 
t  enterprise 
a  of  Indian 
w,  with  the 
tion,  and  th« 
rtd  from  their 
the  gospel  of 

and    mutual 

b«D«&OMlt 

lefta'n  la  ht> 

settler  In  bin 
il»  .ae.]  They 
dors  between 
St,  the  Inter- 
ad  lU  KXigen- 
the  prairie,  as 
to  the  white 
1  justly  due  to 
sensitive  self - 
leln^at^^crav- 
Indlan  race. 
In  fact,  they 
f  what  other- 
een  left  un- 
e  introdaced 
pulatlon  and 
iiial  feeling  of 
irbich,  but  for 
sen  Impossible 

the  humai^e, 
erate  atten- 
ever  dla- 
n  B-iy  f!om- 
ith  the  tiatlvfi 
,]  B'ltthoutjh 
irtunate  influ- 
ses  which  are 

and  prfRorve 
place  of  honor 


Mtttt  b»  ail)it<}g«d  to  thai  hono«abt« 
■MgMMroiia  pulldy  whiuh  haa  bmm 
pantMd  by  aucc^lv*  <hiv«rnmmiU  of 
CaniMia  t4twards  thii  Indian,  whl«h  at 
till*  iitowaut  la  Iwlng  mipiirlntMndM) 
anil  oMrrittf  out  witti  ao  uiuoh  taflt,dl«* 
era  loB  kad  ability  bv  vour  prwMint 
l.taiiWinant  Governor,  |«rtiMirs|  unda 
which  the  eitlnction  of  the  Indian 
UtI"  upon  Itlwral  tetnia  haa  invaria- 
bly iMwn  r«<itigiii/.«d  aaa  imtiMuiarv  (trx 
Itmlnary  to  the  •H'rupatloii  of  a  aingle 
t<|uar«  yard  of  native  territory,  llut 
oar  friends  and  nftHhbiira  are  by  no 
maana  the  nnly  alien  coininunitlea  in 
Manlt4>ba  winch  drmandihe  aollcltude 
of  the  (lovinnrneril  anil  eiulta  our 
•ymp^thy  und  uurloalty.  In  close 
proitmily  to  Winnlpag,  two  other 
cuuimuiiltlM,  tbe 

MBNNONITM  AND  l()Kl.ANI>RHM, 

itarting  from  opp>alt«  enda  of 
Kurope,  without  either-  concert  or 
coinmiiiiic^tlon,  have  a«iught  fresh 
lioiuea  within  our  territory,  the  one  of 
Kusalan  extraction,  though  Unrman 
ram,  moved  by  a  desire  to  esca|ie  from 
theolillgHttona  of  law  which  was  re- 
piilifiveto  their  ooiianlenoe,  the  other 
br«d  amid  the  snows  and  ashea  of  an 
Arctic  volcano,  by  the  hone  of  better- 
ing thfir  material  condition.  Al- 
though I  have  witnessed  many  sights 
to  oaus«  me  pleasure  during  my 
vsriouM  progresses  through  the  Do- 
minion, seldom  have  (  beheld  any 
ipectncle  more  pregnant  with  proph- 
ecy, more  fraught  with  promise  of  an 
ittttoiiishiiig  fuiure  than  *  '<e  Mennuiiite 
Rtitllement.  [Oreat  apc  .tuse  |  When 
I  visited  lh«Br>  interestiiiir  ',)eople  they 
had  only  Iwen  two  years  In  the 
I'rovtnce,  and  yet  In  a  long  ride  I  took 
across  the  prairie,  which  but  yester- 
day was  almolutely  bit  re,  desolate  and 
untenanted,  the  home  or  tbe  wolf,  the 
trndger  and  the  eagle,  I  passMl  village 
<tll)ir  village,  tiomestead  after  home- 
itea<1,  ftirntshetl  with  all  the  conveni- 
ences and  incidents  of  Kuropean  com- 
fort, and  a  Hcientltlcagricultur«.  while 
(  u  either  side  the  road  cornUelds  al- 
leady  ripa  for  harvest,  and  pastures 
|M)pulouH  with  herds  of  cattle, 
titretobed  away  to  the  horizon.  [Great 
cheering.] 

Kven  on  this  continent,  tbe  pecu- 
liar theatre  ot  rapid  change  and 
progress,  there  has  nowhere,  I  im- 
agine, taken  place  so  marvelous  a 
transformation,  [renewed  cheers]  and  , 
yet  when  in  your  name  and  in  the 
name  of  the  ()ueen  of  England  I  bade 
these  people  welcome  to  their  new 
homes,  it  was  not  the  improvement  In 
liicir  material  for, unes  tfiai  prc-occu- 
pied  my  thoughts.  Ulad  as  I  was  of 
having  the  power  of  applotting  lliem 
so  ample  a  portion  of  our  teeming  soli, 
%  Mch  seems  to  blossom  at  a  touch, 
[continued  applause]  and  which  they 
were  cultivating  to  such  m-inifest  ad- 
vantage, r  felt  Intlniiely  prouder  in  be- 
ing ablo  to  throw  over  them  the  segis 
of  the  British  constitution  [loud  cheer- 
ing], and  in  bidding  them  freely  share 
with  us  our  unrivttltd  political  insil- 
lut'oua,  our  uutrammeled  personal 
liberty.  [Ilenewed  cheers.  We  our- 
selves are  ao  accustomed  to  breathe 
the  atmosphere  of  f»-^dom  that  It; 
scarcely  occurs  to  us  to  consider  or  | 
appreciate  our  advantages  In  this  re- ' 
spect.  It  is  only  when  we  are  remind- 
ed by  such  in  Ideuts  as  that  to  which 
1  refer,  of  the  small  extent  of  the 
w  orld's  surface  over  which  the  prlncl- ' 
pled  of  pai'lisuieiitary  Kovernuseut  can 
be  said  to  work  amoothly  and  harmon- 
iously, that  we  are  led  to  consider  the ! 
exceptional  happiness  of  our  position. ; 
[Hear,  hear.]    Nor  was  my  visit  to  the 


sub 

atanatf    I 
an     InMnMl 

literature  of 
and  the  klndnmia 


MW  ■■■•MMi  fvlioW' 

.  MM  lutiK  K* 

to     IM     tlli 
tha  taMi4tn»Ttai< 
I   OAM 


oitet  «ip*" 


at  the  hand*  of  the  IiMlatidlc  ptopin  >ti 
their  own  iaiand  induced  me  to  take  a 
diwp  iitti«r«Mt  in  thti  w«irar  <of  tliia  new 
IniinlttralifHi  [Apiilauae.  |  Whan  w« 
take  into  accouiittheaecluded  uoaltlon 
of  the  Icelandic  nation  for  the  iaat 
thoitaand  f«4r*,  thit  unfavurabln  con- 
dilioiia  of  tlieir  climatic  mu\  gmigrapti- 
leal  Hltiiatloii,  it  would  lie  unrea««m- 
abin  to  Hirpeut.  i»  at  a  colony  from 
thence  nhould  exhib**  the  name  apti- 
tude for  agricult'.ra*  tnterpilae  and 
a<*ttl«mnnt  aa  w<,uld  b  i  iHiaaeaand  liy  m 
|M>oide  freah  from  Intimate  contact 
witli  the  highoi'civ.lixatlonof  Kurop4>. 
In  '--ifland  there  are  neither  trees  nor 
corntlelda,  nor  highways.  You  canrot 
therefore  expect  an  Icelander  to  exhi- 
bit an  Inspire)!  nroltclency  In  felling 
treea.  ploughing  land,  or  making  roads, 
yet  unfortuuiiteiy  these  are  the  thrte 
ai^omidishmentH  moat  necesaary  to  a 
colonist  in  ('aiiada.  Hut  though  atart- 
Ing  at  a  disadvantage  in  these  reapocta 
ymi  must  nut  uiideiate  the  capacity 
of  your  new  fellow  countrymen 
They  are  eiHloweil  with  a  gr  at  deal  of 
Intellectual  ability,  and  a  quick  tutelll 
Igence.  They  are  well  educated.  I 
scarcely  entered  a  hovel  at  GImlli 
whicli  did  not  posseas  a  library.  They 
>tre  well  coiiducte<l,  religious  and  peao- 
Hblfl.  AtMveall  thinga  they  are  do- 
cile and  anxiout  to  learn.  [Applause] 
Nor,  oonaldering  the  dlitlculty  thai 
prevails  in  this  country  in  procuring 
women  servantH,  will  the  acce- 
slon  of  some  hundreds  of  bright, 
XoiHl-bumored.  though  perhaps  awk- 
ward, yet  willing,  Icelandic  glrln,  anx- 
ious for  emnloyment,  be  found  a  dis- 
advantage oy  the  '-esident  ladies  of 
tlie  country.  [Hear,  hear',.  Hhould 
the  diMt>erslon  of  these  ^tmng  ladles 
lead  in  course  of  time  to  the  forma- 
tion of  more  tem^ierate  and  tenderer 
ties  than  those  of  mere  neighborhood 
between  the  Canadian  and  the  Ice 
lai.dic  colony,  1  am  safe  In  predicting 
that  tt  will  not  prove  a  matter  of  re- 
gret on  the  one  side  or  the  other. 
[Laughter  and  applause.]  And,  gen- 
tlemen, in  reference  to  this  point.  J 
cannot  help  remarking  with  satisfac- 
tion theextent  to  which  a  commun- 
ity of  interests,  the  sense  of  being  en- 
gaged in  a  common  undertaking,  the 
obvious  degree  in  which  the  prosper- 
ity of  any  one  man  is  a  gain  to  his 
neighborH,  has  HinalgHUiated  the  var- 
ious sections  of  tlie  population  of  this 
Province,  originally  so  diverse  in  race, 
origin  and  religion,  into  a  patriotic, 
closely  welded  and  united  whole.  [Ap 
plause and  chwrlng.]  lu  no  part  of 
Canada  have  I  f  .und  a  better  feeling , 
between  all  classes  and  sections  ot  tbe 
community.  [Cheers]  It  Is  In  Bi 
great  meaaur»  owing  to  this  wide 
spread  sentiment  of  brotherhood  that 
on  a  recent  occasion  great  tronbles 
have  bee  I  averted,  while  at  the  pres- 
ent moment  it  is  tinding  its  crowning 
and  most  triumphant  expression  in 
the  establish  raent  of  a  university  un- 
der conditions  which  have  been  found 
impossible  of  application  in  any  other 
Province  ot  Camula— I  may  say  in  any 
other  country  in  the  world— for  no- ; 
where  else,  either  in  Europe  or  on  this  i 
continent,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  have ; 

religious  communities  into  which  the ' 
GhrTstlan  world  is  so  unhappily  divid- ! 
ed,  combined  to  erect  aa  alma  mater  ; 
to  which  all  the  denominational  col-  j 


'  iiMi  ot  m*  i«r«vi<MW  are  to  b«  ■Alii*' 
■a  (grrat  apiihiiia*.!  and  wboee  aki^ 

UteaaiM|4*iftt|iiM  *r«  to  lia  regulatml  and 
•^^spwMWl  "MMr  the  Joint  aii«pic«>a  of  a 

■"-""W""'  9o4tf,  in  which  all  Um 
tterMMted.  An  aolwlv*- 
UU4  kilto  ewHiks  voiumM  in 
favor  of  wMbOK  liberality  and  th« 
('hrlataln  elMWltr  of  theae  davotad 
iiiaii  l>r  whesi  In  tbladlatant  land,  '  he 
coiuciMtuMs  of  th«  population 
ara  lad  iMd  enllghteotNt ;  tuBf 
may  ttNV  b<i  apariMl  to  §m 
tha  ittaou  of  their  axertloue 
and  iitmiuabiisoua  a«ortaa««  in  the 
good  colonel  and  grateful  devotion  of 
their  rff^e^ve  tlmika.  [Loud 
aptiUuae  1 

Nor.  1  Mn  happy  to  think.  Is  thla 
good  taUowahip  upon  which  I  tiave 
so  muttb  cause  to  congratulate 
you,  ooaiBed  either  within  tbe  lim- 
its of  Uw  Province  or  those  of 
the  boaialou.  Nothtf.„  .tuuck  me 
more  on  my  w»y  through  St.  Paul,  to 

TB«  UWITKI)  VTATICa, 

than  ilM  sympathetic  manner  In 
wiiiuh  the  luhMblUnts  of  that 
llouilalilBfl  city  atiudMl  to  the  pro- 
krees  mmT  proap<wta  of  (JaniMla  and 
the  northwest  [great  applause |  and  on 
arriving  heie  I  waa  equally  struck  by 
Ilndiiigeveu  a  luorcexulierHiit  i;ounter- 
iiart  of  thoaa  friendly  sentimente. 
[Itenewed  applauae.]  The  reason  le 
not  far  to  seek,  (juite  indiiteiidently 
of  the  genial  intercourse  promoted  by 
(lelgltborhtHKl,  and  the  intergrowtb  of 
comiuerelal  relations,  a  bond  of  sym- 
patliy  between  the  two  populations  il 
created  by  the  consciousiieMS  that  they 
are  both  eng^ed  in  an  enterprise  of 
world-wide  importance,  that  they  are 
both  organized  corps  in  the  ranks  of 
humanity,  and  the  wings  of  a  great 
army,  marching  in  line  on  a  level 
front,  that  they  are  both  engaged  in 
advancing  the  standard  of  civilization 
wttstwards  [applause],  that  for  many 
a  yHHr  to  come  they  will  lie  aisociated 
In  the  task  of  converting  tlie  breadths 
of  prairie  that  stretch  between  them 
and  the  setting  sun  Into  one  vast 
pitradise  of  Interna  luoal  peace,  of 
domeaUc  happiness,  and  material 
plenty.  Between  two  communltiee 
thus  occupied  it  Is  impossible  but  that 
amity  and  loving  kindness  should  b9 
begotten.   tAppUuseJ 

But  perhaps  It  will  be  asked  how 
can  I,  who  am  tbe  natural  and 
utticial  guardian  of  Canada's  virtue, 
iw.rt  with  satisfaction  such 
dangeiouslv  sentimental  procllvlicB 
towards  rier  seductive  imiKitbtMri 
1  will  reply  by  appealing  to 
ttuise  experienced  maironH  and 
chuiiecones  I  see  around  me.  They 
will  tell  you  that  wlien  a  young  lady 
expreiAefl  her  frank  ndmiratiou  for  a 
mau.'when  Hlie  welcomes  his  approach 
with  Unconstrained  pleasure,  crosses 
the  foom    to    sit    down  l^eslde  him, 

Eressea  him  to  Join  her  picnic,  praises 
tm  to  her  friends,  there  is  not  the 
slightest  fear  of  her  affections  having 
been  surreptitiously  entrapperl  by  the 
gay  deceiver.  [Great  hiu«bter.]  On 
the  contrary,  it  is  when  slie  can 
scarcely  be  brought  to  mention  his 
namB— [renewed  laughter]— when  she 
avoids  his  societ' ,  wlien  .she  alludes  to 
him  with  malice  .;nd  diaparagement, 
that  real  danger  ia  to  be  uppreheiided. 

I  Uproarious  laughter  and  applause*] 
lo,    uut      Oanarja    both    loves     (uid 
admires  thw  llnlted  .States,  but  it  is 

which  a  heart-whole  m.^iden  feels  for 
some  big,  boisterous,  young  cousin, 
fresh  from  school,  and  elate  with 
animal     spirits    and    good    nature. 


tM| 


I  Laughtor  |  sh«  knowt  h«  la  •tronMr 
•ltd  Mor*  mum  111 ar  than  h«ra#lf.  haa 
lota  nt  pock»l  itionajr,  ran  aotoli*  <"*»»" 
Kill]  tiMir  ariMiiMl  la  iMlMlfliMM  lit  an 
oatcntatlniia  mannar  faiiliWB  Ui  th« 
dMorum  of  ti*r  own  •Itaaiktti,  [<li*at 
iMfbUr  1  Hha  ailnitroa  tiln  fur  hta 
Blgnaaa  and  utritncth.  and  pniaiwrity. 
•ht  llkaa  to  hrar  or  hia  punf^liliiK  tli* 
haada  of  oib*r  iiojri  I  r«n«>  wmI  laiiff  ii  I  «r  I 
aba  antUrtpatMi  muI  will  i)«  nroiKi  of 
hU  fiitura  aurmwa  In  llf*,  ana  luvoa 
ItlBt  for  Ilia  affrrtlorate  aed  loyal 
friandahlp  for  hrravlf,  aud  parhapa  a 
lttl>  laiiahaat  him  for  (.h«|>«tronl/liii( 
air  wUti  wlitrh  hr  (•ipraaaaa  It. 
(riMira  of  lauRhtar) 

^  liut  of  no  nrarvr  coniirctlon  doM 
■Ua  draam,  nur  doaa  bla  hul^* 
Imaca  for  a  mumant  dlaturb 
bar  virginal  medltatlona.  In  a 
world  apart,  aritudad  froin  ail 
aitriinroni  Inlluaneaa.  nmtllng  at 
tliK  fr«>t  of  bar  majvatlo  mothar.  Can 
adn,  (Irratna  h«>r  draam,  and  forbodaa 
b«r  dMitlny-M  drram  uf  fvar.bkMim 
Ing  harvrala,  multiplying  lowtia  and 


vlllagaa,  and  aipandlng  paatiiraa,  of 
tutnatitiitlonal  a«lf  g<iv«<rnni«nt,  and  a 
r><infMli>ral#«l  Kmnlrn,  of  paao  afl«r 
paga  of  honoiaiila  hiatory,  addad  aa 
n*r  ronlilbiitlon  to  th«  annala  of  tha 
mothar  I'onntrjr,  and  to  tha  glorlaa  of 
tlia  Itrltlah  "  ^'a  (tiaaiancToua  ap 
plauaa.l  of  a  oarpatuatlon  for  all  lima 
i>pon  thia  nuntlnant  of  that  tam|M«rala 
and  wall  iNilanoatl  Rvatam  <if  nionarnh- 
Iral  Kovnrnmniit.  which  nomhlnaa  In 
ona  miKhty  whola  aa  tha  alt<rnal  poa 
naaaloii  of  all  V.  gllahman,  thahrtlltanl 
hUlio  y  and  tradition*  of  .ha  paal,  with 
Ihariraat  and  iii'Mt  untramuiallad  llh- 
arty  i>r  ai'tlon  In  tha  fulnra.  lt<onK 
contlnua<l  apiilaiiaa  and  chaara  |  I. a 
diaa  ""d  Knnll«*nion,  I  hava  now  ilona. 
I  hava  to  thank  you  for  tha  iiallanna 
with  which  you  hava  llatanau  to  ma, 
and  onca  aKHiri  for  tha  many  ktndnaaa 
aa  you  hava  dona  l.ady  Diiffarin  and 
mynnlf  during  our  atay  nmongit  you. 
Mo«t  haartlly  do  I  cotigratulata  you 
upon  all  that  you  ara  di>Ing,  and  ujinn 
tha  glorloua  proa|iact  of  pruaiMirlty 
which  In  <t'>«nlng  out  on  avary  alda  of 


von.  lApplauaa.j  Though  alaawbara 
In  tha  nomlnton  alagnatroii  of  trad* 
and  mimmarra  haa  rha<-ka<l  for  a  yaar 
or  two  tha  ganaral  ailvanoaof  t'anaila 
hara  at  laaat  you  hav«  aacaiiad  tha  «f 
faflta  of  auoh  ainlatar  Iniildanta,  for 
your  walfara  Itaing  baaad  upon  tha 
moat  aolld  of  all  foundatlona.  Uia  eul- 
llvatlon  of  tha  aoll,  you  ara  In  a  p«>- 
altlon  to  piiraiia  tha  a  van  tanor  of  your 
way  untroulila«t  liy  thoaa  altarathmi 
of  fortuna  whirli  diatiirti  tha  world  of 
Irada  and  mancrartura.  You  hav* 
haan  hlaaaatl  with  an  aliundaiit  hni  vmt 
and  a<H(n  I  truat  will  a  railway  >  omt 
to  carry  to  thoaa  who  naad  It  thn  4iir 
plua  of  your  oriMlnca,  now,  aa  my  own 
ayaa  hava  witnaaaad  imprlaona<l  in 
your  alorahouaaa  for  want  of  Hit 
maaiia  of  tranaport.  May  tha  aipamt 
Ing  llnancaa  of  tha  country  aiMm  plaoa 
tha  Oovarnmant  In  a  poalUon  to  grat- 
ify your  Juat  and  natural  axpa^tatlona 
[  Lottd  ctiaara  and  applaoa*.  ] 


